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However, the presence of bioactive residues in animal tissues may pose a risk to consumers. The purpose of this study was to characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of cannabinoids and their metabolites in cattle after a single oral exposure to IH. Eight castrated male Holstein calves received a single oral dose of 35\u00a0g of IH to achieve a target dose of 5.4\u00a0mg\/kg cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). Blood samples were collected for 96\u00a0h after dosing. Plasma cannabinoid concentrations were profiled using liquid chromatography coupled with mass-spectroscopy (UPLC) and PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. The cannabinoids CBDA, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), and cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) were detected in all cattle after IH dosing. The geometric mean maximum concentration of CBDA of 72.7\u00a0ng\/mL was observed at 14\u00a0h after administration. The geometric mean half-life of CBDA was 14.1\u00a0h. No changes in serum biochemistry analysis were observed following IH dosing compared to baseline values. These results show acidic cannabinoids, especially CBDA, are readily absorbed from the rumen and available for distribution throughout the body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69768-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]],"date-time":"2020-07-29T10:03:39Z","timestamp":1596017019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Plasma concentrations of eleven cannabinoids in cattle following oral administration of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Kleinhenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Magnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhoumeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie E.","family":"Kleinhenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawnee","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann F.","family":"Coetzee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"69768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1980.181","volume":"28","author":"A Ohlsson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ohlsson, A. et al. Plasma delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 28, 409\u2013416 (1980).","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"69768_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1412","volume":"59","author":"L Taylor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taylor, L., Crockett, J., Tayo, B. & Morrison, G. A phase 1, open-label, parallel-group, single-dose trial of the pharmacokinetics and safety of cannabidiol (CBD) in subjects with mild to severe hepatic impairment. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 59, 1110\u20131119 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"69768_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2016.04.021","volume":"253","author":"N Schaefer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaefer, N. et al. Pharmacokinetics of (synthetic) cannabinoids in pigs and their relevance for clinical and forensic toxicology. Toxicol. Lett. 253, 7\u201316 (2016).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"69768_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b00600","volume":"82","author":"LL Anderson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anderson, L. L., Low, I. K., Banister, S. D., McGregor, I. S. & Arnold, J. C. Pharmacokinetics of phytocannabinoid acids and anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiolic acid in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. J. Nat. Prod. 82, 3047\u20133055 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"69768_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0020","volume":"1","author":"M Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids: a novel approach using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography\/photodiode array-mass spectrometry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 1(1), 262\u2013271 (2016).","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"69768_CR6","unstructured":"Greenwich Biosciences. Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) Oral Solution. Prescribing Information (Accessed 10 April 2020); https:\/\/www.epidiolex.com\/sites\/default\/files\/EPIDIOLEX_Full_Prescribing_Information.ppd (2020)."},{"key":"69768_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-018-2516-3","volume":"74","author":"L Pellesi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pellesi, L. et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of oral cannabis preparations in patients with medication overuse headache (MOH)\u2014a pilot study. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 74, 1427\u20131436 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"69768_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01365","volume":"9","author":"SA Millar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Millar, S. A., Stone, N. L., Yates, A. 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