{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:17:15Z","timestamp":1781795835074,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMU-TC108A02-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC108A02-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019503","name":"Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["kmtth-106-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kmtth-106-040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a high rate of comorbidity, including osteoporosis and peptic ulcers. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of acid-suppressing drugs commonly used for treating peptic ulcers. However, observational studies have reported an association between PPI therapy and osteoporotic fractures. This study investigated the association between PPI use and hip fracture (HFx) among patients with T2DM. We conducted this population-based propensity-matched retrospective cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Patients newly diagnosed with T2DM between 2000 and 2008 were identified. After excluding those who previously used PPIs or suffered HFx, 398,885 patients were recruited (44,341 PPI users; 354,544 non-users). HFx risk data from 2000 to 2013 were collected to calculate the cumulative rate of HFx in these two groups. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of PPI dose. After propensity score matching of 1:4, 44,431 and 177,364 patients were assigned to the PPI user and non-user groups, respectively. PPI user group showed an increased risk of HFx with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.41 (95% CI 1.29\u20131.54) without dose\u2013response relationship. Thus, there is an increased risk of HFx in patients with T2DM receiving long-term PPI treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70712-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T10:44:26Z","timestamp":1598006666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of hip fracture in patients with type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ya-Shuan","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He-Jiun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Shan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tien-Ching","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"70712_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60679-X","volume":"378","author":"G Danaei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danaei, G. et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants. Lancet 378, 31\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60679-X (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"70712_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4","volume":"18","author":"P Vestergaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vestergaard, P. Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes\u2013a meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 18, 427\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4 (2007).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"70712_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1851","volume":"30","author":"LL Lipscombe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lipscombe, L. L., Jamal, S. A., Booth, G. L. & Hawker, G. A. The risk of hip fractures in older individuals with diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 30, 835\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc06-1851 (2007).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"70712_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v4.i4.101","volume":"4","author":"B Roy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roy, B. Biomolecular basis of the role of diabetes mellitus in osteoporosis and bone fractures. World J. Diabetes 4, 101\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v4.i4.101 (2013).","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"70712_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8811","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008811","volume":"96","author":"Y Ni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ni, Y. & Fan, D. Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for low bone mass-related fractures: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 96, e8811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000008811 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"70712_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.15448","volume":"27","author":"F Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei, F. & Lin, X. Diabetes increases morbidity and mortality rates in peptic ulcer bleeding: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 27, 304\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/tjg.2016.15448 (2016).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"70712_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12190","volume":"28","author":"YL Peng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peng, Y. L. et al. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 28, 1295\u20131299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.12190 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"70712_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1596","volume":"35","author":"PH Tseng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tseng, P. H. et al. Association of diabetes and HbA1c levels with gastrointestinal manifestations. Diabetes Care 35, 1053\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-1596 (2012).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"70712_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0260","volume":"204","author":"Y Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin, Y. & Sun, Z. Current views on type 2 diabetes. J. Endocrinol. 204, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1677\/JOE-09-0260 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"70712_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v10.i3.166","volume":"10","author":"C Downey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Downey, C., Kelly, M. & Quinlan, J. F. Changing trends in the mortality rate at 1-year post hip fracture\u2014a systematic review. World J. Orthop. 10, 166\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5312\/wjo.v10.i3.166 (2019).","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"70712_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.24.2947","volume":"296","author":"YX Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang, Y. X., Lewis, J. D., Epstein, S. & Metz, D. C. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 296, 2947\u20132953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.296.24.2947 (2006).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"70712_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2026","volume":"19","author":"HF Chiu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiu, H. F., Huang, Y. W., Chang, C. C. & Yang, C. Y. Use of proton pump inhibitors increased the risk of hip fracture: a population-based case-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 19, 1131\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.2026 (2010).","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"70712_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.09.014","volume":"57","author":"M Maggio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maggio, M. et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with lower trabecular bone density in older individuals. Bone 57, 437\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2013.09.014 (2013).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"70712_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e372","volume":"344","author":"H Khalili","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khalili, H. et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of hip fracture in relation to dietary and lifestyle factors: a prospective cohort study. BMJ 344, e372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.e372 (2012).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"70712_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091571","author":"BKS Thong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thong, B. K. S., Ima-Nirwana, S. & Chin, K. Y. Proton pump inhibitors and fracture risk: a review of current evidence and mechanisms Involved. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16091571 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"70712_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3168-0","volume":"26","author":"DE Freedberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Freedberg, D. E. et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with fractures in young adults: a population-based study. Osteoporos. Int. 26, 2501\u20132507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-015-3168-0 (2015).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"70712_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2019.100204","volume":"10","author":"W Brozek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brozek, W. et al. Higher dose but not low dose proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased risk of subsequent hip fractures after first hip fracture: a nationwide observational cohort study. Bone Rep. 10, 100204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bonr.2019.100204 (2019).","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"70712_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060601","volume":"21","author":"EM Clark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clark, E. M., Ness, A. R., Bishop, N. J. & Tobias, J. H. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J. Bone Min. Res. 21, 1489\u20131495 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"70712_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","volume":"40","author":"ME Charlson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L. & MacKenzie, C. R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J. Chronic Dis. 40, 373\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8 (1987).","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"70712_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.019","volume":"78","author":"LM Moberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moberg, L. M., Nilsson, P. M., Samsioe, G. & Borgfeldt, C. Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and history of earlier fracture are independent risk factors for fracture in postmenopausal women. The WHILA study. Maturitas 78, 310\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.019 (2014).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"70712_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.08.024","volume":"81","author":"MMC van der Hoorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Hoorn, M. M. C., Tett, S. E., de Vries, O. J., Dobson, A. J. & Peeters, G. The effect of dose and type of proton pump inhibitor use on risk of fractures and osteoporosis treatment in older Australian women: a prospective cohort study. Bone 81, 675\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2015.08.024 (2015).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"70712_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4262-2","volume":"29","author":"SM Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, S. M., Yang, S. H., Liang, C. C. & Huang, H. K. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of osteoporosis and fracture in stroke patients: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos. Int. 29, 153\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-017-4262-2 (2018).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"70712_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14589","volume":"47","author":"S Torvinen-Kiiskinen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torvinen-Kiiskinen, S. et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of hip fractures among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer\u2019s disease-a nested case-control study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 1135\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.14589 (2018).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"70712_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02190218","volume":"13","author":"C Vangala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vangala, C. et al. Proton pump inhibitors, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, and hip fracture risk among patients on hemodialysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 13, 1534\u20131541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.02190218 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"70712_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.3.702","volume":"32","author":"J Kanis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kanis, J., Oden, A. & Johnell, O. Acute and long-term increase in fracture risk after hospitalization for stroke. Stroke 32, 702\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.32.3.702 (2001).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"70712_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-016-1368-3","volume":"21","author":"JJ Kazama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kazama, J. J. Chronic kidney disease and fragility fracture. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 21, 46\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-016-1368-3 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"70712_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50503.x","volume":"50","author":"JK Richardson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Richardson, J. K. Factors associated with falls in older patients with diffuse polyneuropathy. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 50, 1767\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50503.x (2002).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"70712_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00434-8","volume":"28","author":"D Vashishth","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vashishth, D. et al. Influence of nonenzymatic glycation on biomechanical properties of cortical bone. Bone 28, 195\u2013201 (2001).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"70712_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820615","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/820615","volume":"2014","author":"P Jackuliak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackuliak, P. & Payer, J. Osteoporosis, fractures, and diabetes. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 820615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/820615 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"70712_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-012-0290-4","volume":"14","author":"YX Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang, Y. X. Chronic proton pump inihibitor therapy and calcium metabolism. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 14, 473\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11894-012-0290-4 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"70712_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1159\/000064290","volume":"91","author":"G Graziani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Graziani, G. et al. Calcium and phosphate plasma levels in dialysis patients after dietary Ca-P overload. Role of gastric acid secretion. Nephron 91, 474\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000064290 (2002).","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"70712_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.02.007","volume":"118","author":"MB O'Connell","year":"2005","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell, M. B., Madden, D. M., Murray, A. M., Heaney, R. P. & Kerzner, L. J. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial. Am. J. Med. 118, 778\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.02.007 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"70712_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01352010","volume":"53","author":"K Mizunashi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mizunashi, K., Furukawa, Y., Katano, K. & Abe, K. Effect of omeprazole, an inhibitor of H+, K(+)-ATPase, on bone resorption in humans. Calcif. Tissue Int. 53, 21\u201325 (1993).","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"70712_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13661","volume":"63","author":"AM Hinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinson, A. M. et al. Hyperparathyroidism associated with long-term proton pump inhibitors independent of concurrent bisphosphonate therapy in elderly adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 63, 2070\u20132073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.13661 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"70712_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-2-565","volume":"124","author":"BL Nyomba","year":"1989","unstructured":"Nyomba, B. L., Verhaeghe, J., Thomasset, M., Lissens, W. & Bouillon, R. Bone mineral homeostasis in spontaneously diabetic BB rats. I. Abnormal vitamin D metabolism and impaired active intestinal calcium absorption. Endocrinology 124, 565\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo-124-2-565 (1989).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"70712_CR36","first-page":"1039","volume":"100","author":"PS Cheung","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cheung, P. S., Thompson, N. W., Brothers, T. E. & Vinik, A. I. Effect of hyperparathyroidism on the control of diabetes mellitus. Surgery 100, 1039\u20131047 (1986).","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"70712_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000537","volume":"26","author":"JJ Hyun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hyun, J. J. et al. Effect of omeprazole on the expression of transcription factors in osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Int. J. Mol. Med. 26, 877\u2013883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm_00000537 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"70712_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5052","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12478","volume":"280","author":"J Costa-Rodrigues","year":"2013","unstructured":"Costa-Rodrigues, J., Reis, S., Teixeira, S., Lopes, S. & Fernandes, M. H. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of proton pump inhibitors on human osteoclastic and osteoblastic cell activity. FEBS J. 280, 5052\u20135064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.12478 (2013).","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"70712_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1220","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00378.2011","volume":"301","author":"C Hamann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamann, C. et al. Delayed bone regeneration and low bone mass in a rat model of insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to impaired osteoblast function. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 301, E1220-1228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00378.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"70712_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00006","volume":"9","author":"C Marin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marin, C., Luyten, F. P., Van der Schueren, B., Kerckhofs, G. & Vandamme, K. The impact of type 2 diabetes on bone fracture healing. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 9, 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00006 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"70712_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181e89905","volume":"21","author":"S Deandrea","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deandrea, S. et al. Risk factors for falls in community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 21, 658\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181e89905 (2010).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70712-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70712-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70712-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T17:24:47Z","timestamp":1670347487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70712-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-70712-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14081"}}