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Here, we examined the effects of isoflurane, a commonly-used general anesthetic, which was delivered to newborn rabbits. Trace eyeblink classical conditioning was used to assess the impact of neonatal anesthesia exposure on behavioral learning in adolescent subjects, and a variety of MRI techniques including fMRI, MR volumetry, spectroscopy and DTI captured functional, metabolic, and structural changes in key regions of the learning and sensory systems associated with anesthesia-induced learning impairment. Our results demonstrated a wide array of changes that were specific to anesthesia-exposed subjects, which supports previous studies that have pointed to a link between early anesthesia exposure and the development of learning and behavioral deficiencies. These findings point to the need for caution in avoiding excessive use of general anesthesia in young children and neonates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70818-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1597408029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of neonatal isoflurane anesthesia exposure on learning-specific and sensory systems in adults"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daniil P.","family":"Aksenov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palamadai N.","family":"Venkatasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor J.","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice M.","family":"Wyrwicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"70818_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a9667f","volume":"117","author":"G Crosby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Crosby, G. & Davis, P. 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