{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:44:11Z","timestamp":1784580251673,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades Juan de la Cierva-Incorporaci\u00f3n Grant","award":["IJC2018-038347-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC2018-038347-I"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad of Spain Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Grant","award":["RYC-2014-15421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2014-15421"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>People are generally unable to accurately determine their own body measurements and to translate this knowledge to identifying a model\/avatar that best represents their own body. This inability has not only been related to health problems (e.g. anorexia nervosa), but has important practical implications as well (e.g. online retail). Here we aimed to investigate the influence of three basic visual features\u2014face presence, amount of viewpoints, and observed model size\u2014on the perceived match between own and observed models\u2019 bodies and on attitudes towards these models. Models were real-life models (Experiment 1) or avatar models based on participants\u2019 own bodies (Experiment 2). Results in both experiments showed a strong effect of model size, irrespective of participants\u2019 own body measurements. When models were randomly presented one by one, participants gave significantly higher ratings to smaller- compared to bigger-sized models. The reverse was true, however, when participants observed and compared models freely, suggesting that the mode of presentation affected participants\u2019 judgments. Limited evidence was found for an effect of facial presence or amount of viewpoints. These results add evidence to research on visual features affecting the ability to match observed bodies with own body image, which has biological, clinical, and practical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70856-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T10:03:35Z","timestamp":1597831415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Perceived match between own and observed models\u2019 bodies: influence of face, viewpoints, and body size"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lize","family":"De Coster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Aliaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Otaduy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"70856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.06.006","volume":"53","author":"V Pitron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pitron, V. & de Vignemont, F. Beyond differences between the body schema and the body image: insights from body hallucinations. Conscious. Cogn. 53, 115\u2013121 (2017).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"70856_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2012.07.015","volume":"141","author":"MR Longo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Longo, M. R. & Haggard, P. Implicit body representations and the conscious body image. Acta Psychol. (Amst) 141, 164\u2013168 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. (Amst)"},{"key":"70856_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12187","volume":"37","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hashimoto, T. & Iriki, A. Dissociations between the horizontal and dorsoventral axes in body-size perception. Eur. J. Neurosci. 37, 1747\u20131753 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"70856_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000198","volume":"20","author":"MR Longo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Longo, M. R. Implicit and explicit body representations. Eur. Psychol. 20, 6\u201315 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.03.004","volume":"92","author":"SA Linkenauger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Linkenauger, S. A., Kirby, L. R., McCulloch, K. C. & Longo, M. R. People watching: The perception of the relative body proportions of the self and others. Cortex 92, 1\u20137 (2017).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"70856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.10.016","volume":"111","author":"R Sadibolova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sadibolova, R., Ferr\u00e8, E. R., Linkenauger, S. A. & Longo, M. R. Distortions of perceived volume and length of body parts. Cortex 111, 74\u201386 (2019).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"70856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maister, L., De Beukelaer, S., Longo, M. R. & Tsakiris, M. The Self in the Mind\u2019s Eye: Reverse-correlating one\u2019s self reveals how psychological beliefs and attitudes shape our body-image. PsyArXiv Prepr. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/f2b36","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/f2b36"},{"key":"70856_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2012.758878","volume":"18","author":"RA Kaplan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaplan, R. A., Rossell, S. L., Enticott, P. G. & Castle, D. J. Own-body perception in body dysmorphic disorder. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 18, 594\u2013614 (2013).","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"70856_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.26","volume":"2","author":"A Dakanalis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dakanalis, A. et al. Body-image distortion in anorexia nervosa. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2, 16026 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"70856_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2753\/JEC1086-4415160302","volume":"16","author":"A Merle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Merle, A., Senecal, S. & St-Onge, A. Whether and how virtual try-on influences consumer responses to an apparel web site. Int. J. Electron. Commer. 16, 41\u201364 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Commer."},{"key":"70856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.20113","volume":"22","author":"J Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim, J. & Forsythe, S. Adoption of Virtual Try-on technology for online apparel shopping. J. Interact. Mark. 22, 45\u201359 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Interact. Mark."},{"key":"70856_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ducheneaut, N., Wen, M.-H., Yee, N. & Wadley, G. Body and mind: a study of avatar personalization in three virtual worlds. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1151\u20131160 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1518701.1518877","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518877"},{"key":"70856_CR13","first-page":"284","volume":"27","author":"H Saarij\u00e4rvi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saarij\u00e4rvi, H., Sutinen, U.-M. & Harris, L.C. Uncovering consumers\u2019 returning behaviour: a study of fashion e-commerce. Int. Rev. Retail Distrib. Consum. Res. 27, 284\u2013299 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Retail Distrib. Consum. Res."},{"key":"70856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkg.73.3.035","volume":"73","author":"JA Petersen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Petersen, J. A. & Kumar, V. Are product returns a necessary evil? Antecedents and consequences. J. Mark. 73, 35\u201351 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"70856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86LP","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3914.86","volume":"167","author":"GG Gallup","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gallup, G. G. Chimpanzees: self-recognition. Science. 167, 86LP-87LP (1970).","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"70856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34052-z","volume":"8","author":"MT Fairhurst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fairhurst, M. T., Travers, E., Hayward, V. & Deroy, O. Confidence is higher in touch than in vision in cases of perceptual ambiguity. Sci. Rep. 8, 15604 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"70856_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.06.007","volume":"20","author":"P Rochat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rochat, P. & Zahavi, D. The uncanny mirror: A re-framing of mirror self-experience. Conscious. Cogn. 20, 204\u2013213 (2011).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"70856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2012.10.004","volume":"21","author":"A Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez, A., Longo, M. R., Coleman, R. & Tsakiris, M. The person in the mirror: using the enfacement illusion to investigate the experiential structure of self-identification. Conscious. Cogn. 21, 1725\u20131738 (2012).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"70856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/02643294.2012.660138","volume":"29","author":"E McKone","year":"2012","unstructured":"McKone, E., Crookes, K., Jeffery, L. & Dilks, D. D. A critical review of the development of face recognition: Experience is less important than previously believed. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 29, 174\u2013212 (2012).","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"70856_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.012","volume":"23","author":"RT Schultz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schultz, R. T. Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 23, 125\u2013141 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"70856_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2008.03.013","volume":"65","author":"L Yardley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yardley, L., McDermott, L., Pisarski, S., Duchaine, B. & Nakayama, K. Psychosocial consequences of developmental prosopagnosia: A problem of recognition. J. Psychosom. Res. 65, 445\u2013451 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"70856_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.11.002","volume":"11","author":"E McKone","year":"2007","unstructured":"McKone, E., Kanwisher, N. & Duchaine, B. C. Can generic expertise explain special processing for faces?. Trends Cognit. Sci. 11, 8\u201315 (2007).","journal-title":"Trends Cognit. Sci."},{"key":"70856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.08.053","volume":"63","author":"MAJ Apps","year":"2012","unstructured":"Apps, M. A. J., Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez, A., Turley, G. & Tsakiris, M. The different faces of one\u2019s self: an fMRI study into the recognition of current and past self-facial appearances. Neuroimage 63, 1720\u20131729 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"70856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht199","author":"MAJ Apps","year":"2015","unstructured":"Apps, M. A. J., Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez, A., Sereno, M., Blanke, O. & Tsakiris, M. Plasticity in unimodal and multimodal brain areas reflects multisensory changes in self-face identification. Cereb. Cortex https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bht199 (2015).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"70856_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.14.1.05gul","volume":"14","author":"M Gullberg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gullberg, M. & Holmqvist, K. What speakers do and what addressees look at: Visual attention to gestures in human interaction live and on video. Pragmat. Cognit. 14, 53\u201382 (2006).","journal-title":"Pragmat. Cognit."},{"key":"70856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.3.2.105","volume":"3","author":"G Doherty-Sneddon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Doherty-Sneddon, G. et al. Face-to-face and video-mediated communication: A comparison of dialogue structure and task performance. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 3, 105\u2013125 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"70856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.12.004","volume":"72","author":"T van Gog","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Gog, T., Verveer, I. & Verveer, L. Learning from video modeling examples: Effects of seeing the human model\u2019s face. Comput. Educ. 72, 323\u2013327 (2014).","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"70856_CR28","volume-title":"Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art","author":"S McCloud","year":"1993","unstructured":"McCloud, S. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art (HarperPerennial, New York, 1993)."},{"key":"70856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2005.08.006","volume":"64","author":"A Gulz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gulz, A. & Haake, M. Design of animated pedagogical agents\u2014a look at their look. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 64, 322\u2013339 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"70856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0304-4","volume":"43","author":"A Bleske-Rechek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bleske-Rechek, A., Kolb, C. M., Stern, A. S., Quigley, K. & Nelson, L. A. Face and body: independent predictors of women\u2019s attractiveness. Arch. Sex. Behav. 43, 1355\u20131365 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Sex. Behav."},{"key":"70856_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.05.052","volume":"25","author":"RE Jack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jack, R. E. & Schyns, P. G. The human face as a dynamic tool for social communication. Curr. Biol. 25, R621\u2013R634 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"70856_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.14431","volume":"14","author":"CL Reed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reed, C. L., Stone, V. E., Bozova, S. & Tanaka, J. The Body-Inversion Effect. Psychol. Sci. 14, 302\u2013308 (2003).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"70856_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.32.1.73","volume":"32","author":"CL Reed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reed, C. L., Stone, V. E., Grubb, J. D. & McGoldrick, J. E. Turning configural processing upside down: part and whole body postures. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 32, 73\u201387 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"70856_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000017","volume":"24","author":"W Tao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tao, W. & Sun, H. Configural processing in body posture recognition: an eye-tracking study. Neuroreport 24, 903\u2013910 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"70856_CR35","first-page":"204166951879685","volume":"9","author":"A Thaler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thaler, A., Geuss, M. N. & Mohler, B. J. The role of visual information in body size estimation. Iperception. 9, 2041669518796853 (2018).","journal-title":"Iperception."},{"key":"70856_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.12.007","volume":"24","author":"PL Cornelissen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cornelissen, P. L., Cornelissen, K. K., Groves, V., McCarty, K. & Tov\u00e9e, M. J. View-dependent accuracy in body mass judgements of female bodies. Body Image 24, 116\u2013123 (2018).","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"70856_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1167\/18.10.165","volume":"18","author":"A Thaler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thaler, A., B\u00fclthoff, I., Pujades, S., Black, M. & Mohler, B. Is body size estimation viewpoint invariant?. J. Vis. 18, 165 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"70856_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916511404408","volume":"44","author":"S Misra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Misra, S. & Stokols, D. Psychological and health outcomes of perceived information overload. Environ. Behav. 44, 737\u2013759 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"70856_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2015.04.008","volume":"32","author":"Y Sasaki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sasaki, Y., Kawai, D. & Kitamura, S. The anatomy of tweet overload: How number of tweets received, number of friends, and egocentric network density affect perceived information overload. Telemat. Inform. 32, 853\u2013861 (2015).","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"70856_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2009.04.005","volume":"8","author":"JF Parra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parra, J. F. & Ruiz, S. Consideration sets in online shopping environments: the effects of search tool and information load. Electron. Commer. Res. Appl. 8, 252\u2013262 (2009).","journal-title":"Electron. Commer. Res. Appl."},{"key":"70856_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1108\/17468771111105668","volume":"6","author":"Z Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee, Z., Yi, Q. & Long, P. Is it the more the merrier? An exploratory study into the growing problem of information overload. J. Technol. Manag. China 6, 69\u201383 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Technol. Manag. China"},{"key":"70856_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2015.12.007","volume":"33","author":"C-Y Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, C.-Y. The more, the better? Why abundant information leads to unanticipated outcomes. Telemat. Inform. 33, 834\u2013847 (2016).","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"70856_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a494","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a494","volume":"337","author":"F Johnson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnson, F., Cooke, L., Croker, H. & Wardle, J. Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: comparison of two population surveys. BMJ 337, a494 (2008).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"70856_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.02038","volume":"8","author":"S Steinsbekk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steinsbekk, S. et al. Body Size Estimation from Early to Middle Childhood: Stability of Underestimation, BMI, and Gender Effects. Front. Psychol. 8, 2038 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.89","volume":"3","author":"E Robinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Robinson, E. & Kersbergen, I. Overweight or about right? A norm comparison explanation of perceived weight status. Obes. Sci. Pract. 3, 36\u201343 (2017).","journal-title":"Obes. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"70856_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-014-0312-9","volume":"15","author":"V Cazzato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cazzato, V., Mian, E., Serino, A., Mele, S. & Urgesi, C. Distinct contributions of extrastriate body area and temporoparietal junction in perceiving one\u2019s own and others\u2019 body. Cognit. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 15, 211\u2013228 (2015).","journal-title":"Cognit. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"70856_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14115","DOI":"10.2196\/14115","volume":"6","author":"C Ralph-Nearman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ralph-Nearman, C. et al. A novel mobile tool (Somatomap) to assess body image perception pilot tested with fashion models and nonmodels: cross-sectional study. JMIR Ment. Health. 6, e14115 (2019).","journal-title":"JMIR Ment. Health."},{"key":"70856_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603322503060","volume":"94","author":"MJ Tov\u00e9e","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tov\u00e9e, M. J., Benson, P. J., Emery, J. L., Mason, S. M. & Cohen-Tov\u00e9e, E. M. Measurement of body size and shape perception in eating-disordered and control observers using body-shape software. Br. J. Psychol. 94, 501\u2013516 (2003).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/00224549709595493","volume":"137","author":"SA Monteath","year":"1997","unstructured":"Monteath, S. A. & McCabe, M. P. The influence of societal factors on female body image. J. Soc. Psychol. 137, 708\u2013727 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12343","volume":"17","author":"J Spahlholz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Spahlholz, J., Baer, N., K\u00f6nig, H.-H., Riedel-Heller, S. G. & Luck-Sikorski, C. Obesity and discrimination\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Obes. Rev. 17, 43\u201355 (2016).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"70856_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-011-0022-5","volume":"66","author":"JL Fikkan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fikkan, J. L. & Rothblum, E. D. Is fat a feminist issue? Exploring the gendered nature of weight bias. Sex Roles 66, 575\u2013592 (2012).","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"70856_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0189078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189078","volume":"12","author":"Y Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan, Y. & Steed, A. The impact of self-avatars on trust and collaboration in shared virtual environments. PLoS ONE 12, e0189078 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"70856_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0243","volume":"13","author":"S-AA Jin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jin, S.-A.A. \u201cI feel more connected to the physically ideal mini me than the mirror-image mini me\u201d: theoretical implications of the \u201cmalleable self\u201d for speculations on the effects of avatar creation on avatar-self connection in wii. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 13, 567\u2013570 (2010).","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"70856_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latoschik, M. E. et al. The effect of avatar realism in immersive social virtual realities. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3139131.3139156","DOI":"10.1145\/3139131.3139156"},{"key":"70856_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemany, S. et al. Anthropometric survey of the Spanish female population aimed at the apparel industry. Int. Conf. 3D Body Scanning Technol. (2010).","DOI":"10.15221\/10.307"},{"key":"70856_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00544","volume":"10","author":"MM Voges","year":"2019","unstructured":"Voges, M. M. et al. Gender differences in body evaluation: do men show more self-serving double standards than women?. Front. Psychol. 10, 544 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.3.729","volume":"75","author":"V Benet-Mart\u00ednez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Benet-Mart\u00ednez, V. & John, O. P. Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 75, 729\u2013750 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600006727","volume":"10","author":"J Mart\u00edn-Albo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Albo, J., N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J. L., Navarro, J. G. & Grijalvo, F. The rosenberg self-esteem scale: translation and validation in university students. Span. J. Psychol. 10, 458\u2013467 (2007).","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR59","first-page":"253","volume":"XVIII","author":"L Botella Garc\u00eda del Cid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Botella Garc\u00eda del Cid, L., Ribas Rabert, E. & Ruiz, J. B. Evaluaci\u00f3n Psicom\u00e9trica de la Imagen Corporal Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del multidimensional body self relations questionnaire (MBSRQ). Rev. Argentina Cl\u00ednica Psicol\u00f3gica XVIII, 253\u2013264 (2009).","journal-title":"Rev. Argentina Cl\u00ednica Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"70856_CR60","volume-title":"Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children","author":"S Grogan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grogan, S. Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children (Routledge, London, 2017)."},{"key":"70856_CR61","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2020)."},{"key":"70856_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lugrin, J., Wiedemann, M., Bieberstein, D. & Latoschik, M. E. Influence of avatar realism on stressful situation in VR. In 2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) 227\u2013228 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR.2015.7223378","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2015.7223378"},{"key":"70856_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45003","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45003","volume":"7","author":"S Schindler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schindler, S., Zell, E., Botsch, M. & Kissler, J. Differential effects of face-realism and emotion on event-related brain potentials and their implications for the uncanny valley theory. Sci. Rep. 7, 45003 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"70856_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lugrin, J., Latt, J. & Latoschik, M. E. Avatar anthropomorphism and illusion of body ownership in VR. In 2015 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR) 229\u2013230 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VR.2015.7223379","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2015.7223379"},{"key":"70856_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Latoschik, M. E., Lugrin, J.-L. & Roth, D. FakeMi: a fake mirror system for avatar embodiment studies. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology 73\u201376 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2993369.2993399","DOI":"10.1145\/2993369.2993399"},{"key":"70856_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2012.2192811","volume":"19","author":"M Mori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mori, M., MacDorman, K. F. & Kageki, N. The Uncanny Valley [From the Field]. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 19, 98\u2013100 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"70856_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818126","volume":"34","author":"E Zell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zell, E. et al. To stylize or not to stylize? The effect of shape and material stylization on the perception of computer-generated faces. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 184 (2015).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"70856_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yee, N., Bailenson, J. N. & Rickertsen, K. A meta-analysis of the impact of the inclusion and realism of human-like faces on user experiences in interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1\u201310 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1240624.1240626","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240626"},{"key":"70856_CR69","unstructured":"Neustaedter, C. & Fedorovskaya, E. Presenting identity in a virtual world through avatar appearances. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2009 183\u2013190 (Canadian Information Processing Society, Mississauga, 2009)."},{"key":"70856_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2012.758353","volume":"104","author":"D-E Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, D.-E. & LaBat, K. Consumer experience in using 3D virtual garment simulation technology. J. Text. Inst. 104, 819\u2013829 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"70856_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1327","volume":"268","author":"AC Little","year":"2001","unstructured":"Little, A. C., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S. & Perrett, D. I. Self-perceived attractiveness influences human female preferences for sexual dimorphism and symmetry in male faces. Proc. Biol. Sci. 268, 39\u201344 (2001).","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"70856_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.02.001","volume":"68","author":"T Lischetzke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lischetzke, T., Izydorczyk, D., H\u00fcller, C. & Appel, M. The topography of the uncanny valley and individuals\u2019 need for structure: a nonlinear mixed effects analysis. J. Res. Pers. 68, 96\u2013113 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"70856_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1068\/p110053","volume":"11","author":"D Wuillemin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wuillemin, D. & Richardson, B. On the failure to recognize the back of One\u2019s Own Hand. Perception 11, 53\u201355 (1982).","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"70856_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-020-01046-8","author":"AM Bellard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bellard, A. M., Cornelissen, P. L., Mian, E. & Cazzato, V. The ageing body: contributing attitudinal factors towards perceptual body size estimates in younger and middle-aged women. Arch. Womens. Ment. Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-020-01046-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Arch. Womens. Ment. Health"},{"key":"70856_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1167\/17.10.843","volume":"17","author":"A Thaler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thaler, A. et al. Perception of others\u2019 body sizes is predicted by own body size. J. Vis. 17, 843 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"70856_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2898748","volume":"25","author":"S Pujades","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pujades, S. et al. The virtual caliper: rapid creation of metrically accurate avatars from 3D measurements. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 25, 1887\u20131897 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"70856_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Thaler, A. et al. The influence of visual perspective on body size estimation in immersive virtual reality. In ACM Symposium on Applied Perception 2019 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3343036.3343134","DOI":"10.1145\/3343036.3343134"},{"key":"70856_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610380700","volume":"21","author":"SA Linkenauger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Linkenauger, S. A., Ramenzoni, V. & Proffitt, D. R. Illusory shrinkage and growth: body-based rescaling affects the perception of size. Psychol. Sci. 21, 1318\u20131325 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"70856_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ogawa, N., Narumi, T. & Hirose, M. Distortion in perceived size and body-based scaling in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 8th Augmented Human International Conference (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3041164.3041204","DOI":"10.1145\/3041164.3041204"},{"key":"70856_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151933","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151933","volume":"13","author":"FL Beilharz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beilharz, F. L., Atkins, K. J., Duncum, A. J. F. & Mundy, M. E. Altering visual perception abnormalities: a marker for body image concern. PLoS ONE 11, e0151933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151933 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"70856_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.015","volume":"44","author":"JD Feusner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Feusner, J. D. et al. Inverted face processing in body dysmorphic disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 44, 1088\u20131094 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"70856_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1348\/000712605X36343","volume":"96","author":"C Winkler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Winkler, C. & Rhodes, G. Perceptual adaptation affects attractiveness of female bodies. Br. J. Psychol. 96, 141\u2013154 (2005).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02598","volume":"10","author":"KB Ambroziak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ambroziak, K. B., Aza\u00f1\u00f3n, E. & Longo, M. R. Body size adaptation alters perception of test stimuli, not internal body image. Front. Psychol. 10, 2598 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"70856_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081378","volume":"8","author":"S Mele","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mele, S., Cazzato, V. & Urgesi, C. The importance of perceptual experience in the esthetic appreciation of the body. PLoS ONE 8, e81378 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"70856_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-015-4498-z","volume":"234","author":"V Cazzato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cazzato, V. et al. The effects of body exposure on self-body image and esthetic appreciation in anorexia nervosa. Exp. Brain Res. 234, 695\u2013709 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"70856_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tajadura-Jim\u00e9nez, A. et al. As light as your footsteps: altering walking sounds to change perceived body weight, emotional state and gait. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2943\u20132952 (Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2702123.2702374","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702374"},{"key":"70856_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.02.006","volume":"29","author":"KR Irvine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irvine, K. R. et al. The visual cues that drive the self-assessment of body size: dissociation between fixation patterns and the key areas of the body for accurate judgement. Body Image 29, 31\u201346 (2019).","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"70856_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15339-z","volume":"7","author":"KK Cornelissen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cornelissen, K. K., McCarty, K., Cornelissen, P. L. & Tov\u00e9e, M. J. Body size estimation in women with anorexia nervosa and healthy controls using 3D avatars. Sci. Rep. 7, 15773 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"70856_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"16","author":"CG Fairburn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fairburn, C. G. & Beglin, S. J. Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire?. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 16, 363\u2013370 (1994).","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"70856_CR90","volume-title":"EDI-3, Eating Disorder Inventory-3: Professional Manual","author":"DM Garner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garner, D. M. EDI-3, Eating Disorder Inventory-3: Professional Manual (Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated, 2004)."},{"key":"70856_CR91","unstructured":"JASP Team. JASP (Version 0.12.2)[Computer software]. (2020)."},{"key":"70856_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","volume":"41","author":"B Rammstedt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rammstedt, B. & John, O. P. Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. J. Res. Pers. 41, 203\u2013212 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"70856_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818013","volume":"34","author":"M Loper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loper, M., Mahmood, N., Romero, J., Pons-Moll, G. & Black, M. J. SMPL: a skinned multi-person linear model. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 248 (2015).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"70856_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nberger, J. L. & Frahm, J. Structure-from-motion revisited. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 4104\u20134113 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2016.445","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.445"},{"key":"70856_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46487-9_31","volume-title":"Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2016","author":"JL Sch\u00f6nberger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nberger, J. L., Zheng, E., Frahm, J.-M. & Pollefeys, M. Pixelwise view selection for unstructured multi-view stereo. In Computer Vision\u2014ECCV 2016 (eds Leibe, B. et al.) 501\u2013518 (Springer International Publishing, Berlin, 2016)."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73063-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,8]],"date-time":"2020-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602115200000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70856-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70856-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70856-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T18:22:18Z","timestamp":1670350938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70856-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-70856-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2020","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13991"}}