{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:50:36Z","timestamp":1793724636412,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medicinal plant production is most important than other agricultural plants due to their phytochemical compounds effects on human health. Paying attention to plant nutrition requirement is so important. In order to assess the effect of nitrate (NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) dosage supplies from two types of fertilizers on growth and phytochemical properties of <jats:italic>Echinacea purpurea<\/jats:italic> rhizomata cum radicibus, an experiment with completely simple design was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Two types of fertilizers (new invented nitrogen (N) slow release fertilizer and urea chemical fertilizer) at three dosages (50, 100, and 150\u00a0mM) were applied. Plant growth parameters and total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), polysaccarides content, essential oil content, caffeic acid derivatives, and anti-radical scavenging activities of <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic> were assessed. The results showed the significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.01) differences among treatments, both in growth and phytochemical properties. Using of N slow release, especially in 150\u00a0mM dosage, significantly increased all the plant growth and phytochemical properties. The dried <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic> rhizomata cum radicibus contained more caftaric acid (max 12.56\u00a0mg\u00a0g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> DW) and chicoric acid (max 7.56\u00a0mg\u00a0g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> DW) than other derivatives. Despite the impact of heavy metals on yield and growth of <jats:italic>E. purpurea<\/jats:italic>, the concentration of all heavy metals and micronutrients (boron (B), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) in studied soil and fertilizer samples was less than United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) limits of contamination. Based on the results, using of N slow release fertilizers can improve phytochemical properties of the plant due to its polymeric structure and can be a suitable substitution of chemical fertilizers, especially in medicinal plants growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70949-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1597408029000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Improving growth properties and phytochemical compounds of Echinacea purpurea (L.) medicinal plant using novel nitrogen slow release fertilizer under greenhouse conditions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Samadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"70949_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.10.040","volume":"231","author":"M Attarzadeh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Attarzadeh, M., Balouchi, H., Rajaie, M., Dehnavi, M. M. & Salehi, A. Growth and nutrient content of Echinacea purpurea as affected by the combination of phosphorus with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Pseudomonas florescent bacterium under different irrigation regimes. J. Environ. Manage. 231, 182\u2013188 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"70949_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020088","volume":"12","author":"G Balciunaite","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balciunaite, G. et al. Identification of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench root LysM lectin with nephrotoxic properties. Toxins 12, 88\u2013105 (2020).","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"70949_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208325","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208325","volume":"13","author":"TR Pretorius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pretorius, T. R., Charest, C., Kimpe, L. E. & Blais, J. M. The accumulation of metals, PAHs and alkyl PAHs in the roots of Echinacea purpurea. PLoS ONE 13, e0208325 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"70949_CR4","first-page":"156","volume":"3","author":"MP Cadiz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cadiz, M. P., Schara, M. R., Kemp, B. H. & Gibbons Johnson, R. M. Echinacea purpurea root extract increases tumor necrosis factor production by concanavalin A-activated murine splenocytes. J. Med. Food. 3, 156\u2013169 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"70949_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2018.12.037","volume":"247","author":"H Darvizheh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Darvizheh, H., Zahedi, M., Abbaszadeh, B. & Razmjoo, J. Changes in some antioxidant enzymes and physiological indices of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) in response to water deficit and foliar application of salicylic acid and spermine under field condition. Sci. Horticult. 247, 390\u2013399 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Horticult."},{"key":"70949_CR6","first-page":"114","volume":"2","author":"S Khorasaninejad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khorasaninejad, S. & Hemmati, K. Effects of silicon on some phytochemical traits of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.) under salinity. Sci. Horticult. 2, 114\u2013123 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Horticult."},{"key":"70949_CR7","first-page":"245","volume":"3","author":"N De Rosa","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Rosa, N. et al. Effect of immunomodulatory supplements based on Echinacea Angustifolia and Echinacea Purpurea on the posttreatment relapse incidence of genital condylomatosis: A prospective randomized study. Biomed. Res. Int. 3, 245\u2013255 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"70949_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-020-03055-7","volume":"42","author":"T Demirci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Demirci, T., Ak\u00e7ay, U. \u00c7 & Baydar, N. G. Effects of 24-epibrassinolide and L-phenylalanine on growth and caffeic acid derivative production in hairy root culture of Echinacea purpurea L. Moench. Acta Physiol. Plant 42, 66\u2013102 (2020).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"70949_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36907-x","volume":"9","author":"MH Haron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haron, M. H. et al. Plant microbiome-dependent immune enhancing action of Echinacea purpurea is enhanced by soil organic matter content. Sci. Rep. 9, 215\u2013230 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"70949_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2018.1556751","volume":"36","author":"CK Hoang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoang, C. K. et al. Impact of nitrogen fertilizer on the mycorrhizal inoculating potential and fungal community structure in rhizosphere of medicinal plant Curcuma longa L.. Geomicrobiol. J. 36, 385\u2013395 (2019).","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"key":"70949_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2020.01.006","volume":"148","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, Y., Kong, D., Fu, Y., Sussman, M. R. & Wu, H. The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 148, 80\u201390 (2020).","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"70949_CR12","first-page":"189","volume":"9","author":"AA Khalaf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khalaf, A. A. et al. Protective effect of Echinacea purpurea (Immulant) against cisplatin-induced immunotoxicity in rats. DARU 9, 189\u2013199 (2019).","journal-title":"DARU"},{"key":"70949_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126421","volume":"234","author":"A Mahmood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmood, A. & Kataoka, R. Metabolite profiling reveals a complex response of plants to application of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria. Microbiol. Res. 234, 126\u2013135 (2020).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"70949_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-019-1890-z","volume":"19","author":"V Maggini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maggini, V. et al. Tissue specificity and differential effects on in vitro plant growth of single bacterial endophytes isolated from the roots, leaves and rhizospheric soil of Echinacea purpurea. BMC Plant Biol. 19, 284\u2013296 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol."},{"key":"70949_CR15","first-page":"143","volume":"11","author":"DS Samuel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samuel, D. S. & Priyadarshoni, S. P. Echinacea purpurea-A potent medicinal herb. Drug Invent. Today. 11, 143\u2013158 (2019).","journal-title":"Drug Invent. Today."},{"key":"70949_CR16","first-page":"225","volume":"21","author":"DF Sidhiq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sidhiq, D. F., Widiyastuti, Y., Subositi, D., Pujiasmanto, B. & Yunus, A. Morphological diversity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Echinacea purpurea cultivated in Karangpandan, Central Java, Indonesia. J. Biol. Divers. 21, 225\u2013234 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"70949_CR17","first-page":"137","volume":"19","author":"Y Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, Y. et al. Negative effects of the simulated nitrogen deposition on plant phenolic metabolism: A meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 19, 137\u2013142 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"70949_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.10.011","volume":"213","author":"MJ Sheshbahreh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheshbahreh, M. J., Dehnavi, M. M., Salehi, A. & Bahreininejad, B. Effect of irrigation regimes and nitrogen sources on biomass production, water and nitrogen use efficiency and nutrients uptake in coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.). Agric. Water Manage. 213, 358\u2013367 (2019).","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manage."},{"key":"70949_CR19","first-page":"105","volume":"36","author":"B Soltanian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soltanian, B., Moghaddam, P. R. & Asili, J. Effects of water deficit stress and fertilizer sources on morphological characteristics and phenolic compounds in medicinal plant purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L.). Iran. J. Med. Aromat. Plants 36, 105\u2013120 (2020).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"70949_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.0026","volume":"22","author":"M Senica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Senica, M., Mlinsek, G., Veberic, R. & Mikulic-Petkovsek, M. Which plant part of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) should be used for tea and which for tincture?. J. Med. Food 22, 102\u2013108 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"70949_CR21","first-page":"81","volume":"2","author":"M Seif Sahandi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seif Sahandi, M., Mehrafarin, A., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F. & Sharifi, M. Changes in essential oil content and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in responses to nitrogen application. J. Med. Plants 2, 81\u201397 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"70949_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2018.1527854","volume":"54","author":"S Vidovi\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vidovi\u0107, S., Nasti\u0107, N., Gavari\u0107, A., Cindri\u0107, M. & Vladi\u0107, J. Development of green extraction process to produce antioxidant-rich extracts from purple coneflower. Sep. Sci. Technol. 54, 1174\u20131181 (2019).","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"70949_CR23","first-page":"117","volume":"7","author":"PPS Verma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verma, P. P. S., Padalia, R. C., Singh, V. R., Kumar, A. & Agri, B. K. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels on growth and yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Under the Katyur valley of western Himalayan region of Uttarakhand. J. Med. Plants 7, 117\u2013122 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants"},{"key":"70949_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-018-0611-7","volume":"25","author":"MJ Sheshbahreh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheshbahreh, M. J., Dehnavi, M. M., Salehi, A. & Bahreininejad, B. Physiological and yield responses of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) to nitrogen sources at different levels of irrigation. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Pla. 25, 177\u2013187 (2019).","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Pla."},{"key":"70949_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"N Bensalem","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bensalem, N. et al. The interactive effect of nitrate\/ammonium ratio and sodium chloride on Tunisian medicinal plant (Nigella sativa L). J. Plant Nutr 4, 1\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr"},{"key":"70949_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2018.1491642","volume":"41","author":"K Yetilmezsoy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yetilmezsoy, K., Kocak, E., Akbin, H. M. & \u00d6z\u00e7imen, D. Utilization of struvite recovered from high-strength ammonium-containing simulated wastewater as slow-release fertilizer and fire-retardant barrier. Environ. Technol. 41, 153\u2013170 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"70949_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122704","volume":"381","author":"HM Ye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ye, H. M. et al. Degradable polyester\/urea inclusion complex applied as a facile and environment-friendly strategy for slow-release fertilizer: Performance and mechanism. Chem. Eng. J. 381, 122\u2013130 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"70949_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3390\/min9090507","volume":"9","author":"M Rudmin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rudmin, M. et al. Mechanochemical preparation of slow release fertilizer based on glauconite-urea complexes. Minerals 9, 507\u2013516 (2019).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"70949_CR29","first-page":"152","volume":"14","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Pan, S. & Wu, S. Modulation of the growth performance, body composition and nonspecific immunity of crucian carp Carassius auratus upon Enteromorpha prolifera polysaccharide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 14, 152\u2013163 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"70949_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108869","volume":"260","author":"M Merajipoor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merajipoor, M., Dehnavi, M. M., Salehi, A. & Yadavi, A. Improving grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency of Nigella sativa with biological and chemical nitrogen under different irrigation regimes. Sci. Horticult. 260, 108\u2013123 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Horticult."},{"key":"70949_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10030381","volume":"10","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Slow-release fertilizer improves the growth, quality, and nutrient utilization of wintering chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng.). Agronomy 10, 381\u2013392 (2020).","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"70949_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04125-6","volume":"57","author":"S Kilic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kilic, S. & Soylak, M. Determination of trace element contaminants in herbal teas using ICP-MS by different sample preparation method. J. Food Sci. Technol. Mys. 57, 927\u2013933 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol. Mys."},{"key":"70949_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109209","volume":"265","author":"RS El-Serafy","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Serafy, R. S. & El-Sheshtawy, A. A. Effect of nitrogen fixing bacteria and moringa leaf extract on fruit yield, estragole content and total phenols of organic fennel. Sci. Horticult. 265, 105\u2013123 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Horticult."},{"key":"70949_CR34","first-page":"56","volume":"12","author":"E Mahmoed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmoed, E. et al. Effect of Chlorella vulgaris enriched diet on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant and transcriptomics RNA sequences disorders caused by deltamethrin toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 12, 56\u201368 (2020).","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"70949_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104025","volume":"71","author":"CW Wold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wold, C. W., Gerwick, W. H., Wangensteen, H. & Inngjerdingen, K. T. Bioactive triterpenoids and water-soluble melanin from Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) with immunomodulatory activity. J. Funct. Foods 71, 104\u2013115 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"70949_CR36","first-page":"525","volume":"11","author":"S Waidyanatha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waidyanatha, S. et al. A strategy for test article selection and phytochemical characterization of Echinacea purpurea extract for safety testing. Food Chem. Toxicol. 11, 525\u2013602 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"70949_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051982","volume":"12","author":"J Sikora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sikora, J. et al. Assessment of the efficiency of nitrogen slow-release fertilizers in integrated production of carrot depending on fertilization strategy. Sustainability 12, 198\u2013206 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"70949_CR38","first-page":"4405","volume":"103","author":"L Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao, L. et al. Screening and evaluation of adventitious root lines of Panax notoginseng by morphology, gene expression, and metabolite profiles. Appl. Microbiol. 103, 4405\u20134415 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"70949_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"XH Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui, X. H. et al. Effect of nutritional factors on the accretion of secondary metabolites in Malaysian ginseng adventitious root cultures. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 15, 1\u20136 (2019).","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70949-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70949-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70949-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T17:28:50Z","timestamp":1670347730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-70949-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["70949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-70949-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13842"}}