{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:11:23Z","timestamp":1760425883715},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lotterywest","award":["#G0002718","#G0002718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#G0002718","#G0002718"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the present study was to quantify explosive joint torque or the ability to develop joint torque rapidly, typically measured as the rate of torque development, in individuals with prodromal Huntington\u2019s disease and healthy controls and its associations with measures of disease burden and striatal pathology. Twenty prodromal Huntington\u2019s disease and 19 healthy control individuals volunteered for this study. Plantar flexor isometric rate of torque development values were evaluated using isokinetic dynamometry. Pathological changes in striatal shape were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. Disease burden was evaluated using the disease burden score and cytosine-adenine-guanine age product score. No statistical differences in the rate of torque development were observed between individuals with prodromal Huntington\u2019s disease and healthy controls. However, significant associations were observed between the rate of torque development values and measures of disease burden (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.42 to \u22120.69) and striatal pathology (r\u2009=\u20090.71\u20130.60) in individuals with prodromal Huntington\u2019s disease. We found significant associations between lower rate of torque development values and greater striatal shape deflation and disease burden and striatal pathology in individuals with prodromal Huntington\u2019s disease. While no significant differences in the rate of torque development were found between prodromal Huntington\u2019s disease and healthy controls, the noted associations suggest that differences may emerge as the disease advances, which should be investigated longitudinally in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72042-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T10:03:33Z","timestamp":1600164213000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rate of torque development and striatal shape in individuals with prodromal Huntington's disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Travis","family":"Cruickshank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Pulverenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Rankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Blazevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govinda","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Ziman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel S.","family":"Trajano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"72042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baga.2014.04.002","volume":"4","author":"T Cruickshank","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cruickshank, T., Reyes, A., Pe\u00f1ailillo, L., Thompson, J. & Ziman, M. Factors that contribute to balance and mobility impairments in individuals with Huntington\u2019s disease. Basal Ganglia 4, 67\u20135336 (2014).","journal-title":"Basal Ganglia"},{"key":"72042_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.04.001","volume":"92","author":"G Poudel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poudel, G. et al. Longitudinal changes in the fronto-striatal network are associated with executive dysfunction and behavioral dysregulation in Huntington\u2019s disease: 30 months IMAGE-HD data. Cortex 92, 139\u2013149 (2017).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"72042_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25709","volume":"87","author":"PA Wijeratne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wijeratne, P. A. et al. Robust markers and sample sizes for multicenter trials of Huntington disease. Ann. Neurol. 87, 751\u2013762 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"72042_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23243","volume":"25","author":"R Reilmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reilmann, R. et al. Tongue force analysis assesses motor phenotype in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 25, 2195\u20132202 (2010).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"72042_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32924-y","volume":"8","author":"A Reyes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reyes, A. et al. Computerised dynamic posturography in premanifest and manifest individuals with Huntington\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep. 8, 14615 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"72042_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21896","volume":"23","author":"A Delval","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delval, A. et al. Role of attentional resources on gait performance in Huntington\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. 23, 684\u2013689 (2008).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"72042_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.17.2.203","volume":"17","author":"MH Rose","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rose, M. H., L\u00f8kkegaard, A., Sonne-Holm, S. & Jensen, B. R. Tremor irregularity, torque steadiness and rate of force development in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mot. Control 17, 203\u2013216 (2013).","journal-title":"Mot. Control"},{"key":"72042_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277396","volume":"597","author":"A Del Vecchio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Vecchio, A. et al. You are as fast as your motor neurons: speed of recruitment and maximal discharge of motor neurons determine the maximal rate of force development in humans. J. Physiol. 597, 2445\u20132456 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"72042_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2014-y","volume":"160","author":"M Pijnappels","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pijnappels, M., Bobbert, M. F. & van Die\u00ebn, J. H. Control of support limb muscles in recovery after tripping in young and older subjects. Exp. Brain Res. 160, 326\u2013333 (2005).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"72042_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6","volume":"116","author":"NA Maffiuletti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maffiuletti, N. A. et al. Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 116, 1091\u20131116 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"72042_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.02.002","volume":"25","author":"PCB Bento","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bento, P. C. B., Pereira, G., Ugrinowitsch, C. & Rodacki, A. L. F. Peak torque and rate of torque development in elderly with and without fall history. Clin. Biomech. 25, 450\u2013454 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"72042_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.09.016","volume":"81","author":"FP Behan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Behan, F. P., Pain, M. T. G. & Folland, J. P. Explosive voluntary torque is related to whole-body response to unexpected perturbations. J. Biomech. 81, 86\u201392 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"72042_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.009","volume":"412","author":"J-H Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park, J.-H. & Stelmach, G. E. Force development during target-directed isometric force production in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 412, 173\u2013178 (2007).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"72042_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000146505.18244.43","volume":"83","author":"M Nallegowda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nallegowda, M. et al. Role of sensory input and muscle strength in maintenance of balance, gait, and posture in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a pilot study. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 83, 898\u2013908 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"72042_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500","volume":"408","author":"M Uygur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uygur, M., de Freitas, P. B. & Barone, D. A. Rate of force development and relaxation scaling factors are highly sensitive to detect upper extremity motor impairments in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 408, 116500 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"72042_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1096","volume":"16","author":"D Joel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Joel, D. Open interconnected model of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry and its relevance to the clinical syndrome of Huntington\u2019s disease. Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc. 16, 407\u2013423 (2001).","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"72042_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3539-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"VM Andr\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9, V. M. et al. Differential electrophysiological changes in striatal output neurons in Huntington\u2019s disease. J. Neurosci. 31, 1170\u20131182 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"72042_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00046","volume":"5","author":"VM Andre","year":"2011","unstructured":"Andre, V. M., Fisher, Y. E. & Levine, M. S. Altered balance of activity in the striatal direct and indirect pathways in mouse models of Huntington\u2019s disease. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 5, 46 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"72042_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.11.003","author":"DM Bartlett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bartlett, D. M. et al. Effect of multidisciplinary rehabilitation on sleep outcomes in individuals with preclinical Huntington disease: an exploratory study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.11.003 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"72042_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70263-0","volume":"11","author":"SJ Tabrizi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tabrizi, S. J. et al. Potential endpoints for clinical trials in premanifest and early Huntington\u2019s disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 24 month observational data. Lancet Neurol. 11, 42\u201353 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"72042_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70088-7","volume":"12","author":"SJ Tabrizi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tabrizi, S. J. et al. Predictors of phenotypic progression and disease onset in premanifest and early-stage Huntington\u2019s disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 36-month observational data. Lancet Neurol. 12, 637\u2013649 (2013).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"72042_CR22","first-page":"689","volume":"41","author":"JB Penney Jr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Penney, J. B. Jr., Vonsattel, J., Macdonald, M. E., Gusella, J. F. & Myers, R. H. CAG repeat number governs the development rate of pathology in Huntington\u2019s disease. Ann. Neurol. Off. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child. Neurol. Soc. 41, 689\u2013692 (1997).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol. Off. J. Am. Neurol. Assoc. Child. Neurol. Soc."},{"key":"72042_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31232","volume":"156","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Indexing disease progression at study entry with individuals at-risk for Huntington disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 156, 751\u2013763 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"72042_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7647-8","volume-title":"Brain Morphometry","author":"G Spalletta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spalletta, G., Piras, F. & Gili, T. Brain Morphometry (Springer, Berlin, 2018)."},{"key":"72042_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0964-x","volume":"255","author":"ME Busse","year":"2008","unstructured":"Busse, M. E., Hughes, G., Wiles, C. M. & Rosser, A. E. Use of hand-held dynamometry in the evaluation of lower limb muscle strength in people with Huntington\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 255, 1534\u20131540 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"72042_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00511","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.511","volume":"6","author":"LM Turner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turner, L. M. et al. Striatal morphology correlates with frontostriatal electrophysiological motor processing in Huntington\u2019s disease: an IMAGE-HD study. Brain Behav. 6, e00511 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"72042_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2019.07.003","volume":"291","author":"FA Wilkes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wilkes, F. A. et al. Striatal morphology and neurocognitive dysfunction in Huntington disease: the IMAGE-HD study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 291, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"72042_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.041","volume":"26","author":"S Grillner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grillner, S. & Robertson, B. The basal ganglia over 500 million years. Curr. Biol. 26, R1088\u2013R1100 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"72042_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2019.1585743","volume":"52","author":"A Ochi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ochi, A. et al. Relationship between balance recovery from a forward fall and lower-limb rate of torque development. J. Mot. Behav. 52, 71\u201378 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"72042_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.10.M507","volume":"54","author":"CD Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall, C. D., Woollacott, M. H. & Jensen, J. L. Age-related changes in rate and magnitude of ankle torque development: implications for balance control. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci. 54, 507\u2013513 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"72042_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.03.006","volume":"86","author":"S-HJ Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang, S.-H.J., Mercer, V. S., Giuliani, C. A. & Sloane, P. D. Relationship between hip abductor rate of force development and mediolateral stability in older adults. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 86, 1843\u20131850 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"72042_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001503","volume":"31","author":"TB Palmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Palmer, T. B., Thiele, R. M. & Thompson, B. J. Age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensors and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and old females. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31, 480\u2013488 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"72042_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.01.023","volume":"98","author":"C Schlenstedt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schlenstedt, C., Mancini, M., Horak, F. & Peterson, D. Anticipatory postural adjustment during self-initiated, cued, and compensatory stepping in healthy older adults and patients with Parkinson disease. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 98, 1316\u20131324 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"72042_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13002","volume":"138","author":"TM Cruickshank","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cruickshank, T. M. et al. Effects of multidisciplinary therapy on physical function in Huntington\u2019s disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 138, 500\u2013507 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72042-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72042-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72042-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T19:01:42Z","timestamp":1670353302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72042-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["72042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72042-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15103"}}