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Participants were assigned in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to either (1) thrice-weekly 3,000-IU cholecalciferol, (2) once-monthly cholecalciferol (equivalent to 9,000\u00a0IU\/week), (3) thrice-weekly placebo, or (4) once-monthly placebo. We also examined the effect modifications by selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes. Out of 96 participants, 94 were available at Month 3, and 88 completed the 6-month study. After adjustment for baseline values, serum hepcidin levels were higher at Day 3 in the combined cholecalciferol (vs. placebo) group, but were lower at Month 6 with increased erythropoietin resistance. Cholecalciferol increased serum 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D levels, resulting in a greater proportion of patients who reduced the dose of active vitamin D at Month 6 (31% vs. 10% in the placebo group). Cholecalciferol also suppressed intact PTH only among patients with severe vitamin D deficiency. In conclusion, cholecalciferol supplementation increases serum hepcidin-25 levels in the short term and may increase erythropoietin resistance in the long term among haemodialysis patients. Both thrice-weekly and once-monthly supplementation effectively increases serum 1,25(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>D levels, and hence, reduces active vitamin D drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Trial Registry<\/jats:bold>: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) as NCT02214563 (registration date: 12\/08\/2014) and UMIN000011786 (registration date: 15\/08\/2014), respectively (please refer to the links below). ClinicalTrials.gov: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT02214563\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/record\/NCT02214563<\/jats:ext-link>. 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Dr. Hamano has received honoraria and\/or support from Chugai, Otsuka, Torii, Kissei, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Terumo, Fuso, Eisai, and Takeda, outside the submitted work. TH have received honoraria and research grant support from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15500"}}