{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:17:00Z","timestamp":1793254620490,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8000 201-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8000 201-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Projekt DEAL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Parvovirus B19<\/jats:italic> (B19V) occurs globally and can cause severe anaemia. The role of co-infections with <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P. falciparum)<\/jats:italic> has been controversially discussed. The study aimed to determine prevalence and severity of B19V infection, and the effect of co-infections on the risk for anaemia. Between November 2013 and April 2015 a total of 1186 hospital visits of children with fever admitted to a hospital in Ghana were recorded. Malaria, B19V and additional diagnostics for fever causes were performed. Recent B19V infection was defined as PCR and\/or IgM positivity. Risk factors for a B19V infection and for anaemia were analysed. The prevalence of anaemia was compared between children with\/without B19V infection, stratified for the presence of malaria. B19V\u00a0IgM\/PCR was positive in 6.4% (n\u2009=\u200976; 40 IgM\u2009+\u2009, 30 PCR\u2009+\u2009, 6 IgM\u2009+\u2009and PCR\u2009+). Among the B19V cases 60.5% had a simultaneous <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection. B19V IgM positivity but not PCR positivity was associated with moderate-severe anaemia (OR\u2009=\u20092.6; 95%-CI: 1.3\u20135.3; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01 vs. OR\u2009=\u20090.9; 95%-CI: 0.4\u20131.8; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.70). <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> and IgM positive B19V infection were independent risk factors for anaemia with no evidence of effect modification. Our data show a significant association between B19V infection, defined as IgM but not PCR positivity, and moderate-severe anaemia. A multiplicative effect of B19V and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection was not found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72657-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]],"date-time":"2020-09-24T10:05:36Z","timestamp":1600941936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A cross-sectional study on risk factors for infection with Parvovirus B19 and the association with anaemia in a febrile paediatric population in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Wiebke","family":"Herr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Krumkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Gyau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellis","family":"Owusu-Dabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimako","family":"Sarpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wibke","family":"Loag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charity Wiafe","family":"Akenten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eibach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Fickenscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Eis-H\u00fcbinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benno","family":"Kreuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"72657_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildig, J. et al. Parvovirus B19 infection and severe anaemia in Kenyan children: A retrospective case control study. BMC Infect. Dis. 10 (2010).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-88"},{"key":"72657_CR2","first-page":"67","volume":"93","author":"PH Jones","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jones, P. H., Pickett, L. C., Anderson, M. J. & Pasvol, G. Human parvovirus infection in children and severe anaemia in an area endemic for malaria. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 93, 67\u201370 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"72657_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-16","volume":"30","author":"J Qiu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qiu, J., S\u00f6derlund-Venermo, M. & Young, N. S. Human parvoviruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 30, 43\u2013113 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"72657_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.725","volume":"29","author":"F Morinet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morinet, F., Leruez-Ville, M., Pillet, S. & Fichelson, S. Concise review: Anemia caused by viruses. Stem Cells 29, 1656\u20131660 (2011).","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"72657_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1086\/505082","volume":"194","author":"J Wildig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wildig, J. et al. Parvovirus B19 infection contributes to severe anemia in young children in papua new guinea. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 146\u2013153 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"72657_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1086\/505086","volume":"194","author":"G Pasvol","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pasvol, G. Parvovirus infection, malaria, and anemia in the tropics\u2014A new hidden enemy?. J. Infect. Dis. 194, 141\u2013142 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"72657_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0882-4010(89)90035-1","volume":"7","author":"N Frickhofen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frickhofen, N. & Young, N. S. Persistent parvovirus B19 infections in humans. Microb. Pathog. 7, 319\u2013327 (1989).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"72657_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01774-9","volume":"16","author":"C Menendez","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menendez, C., Fleming, A. F. & Alonso, P. L. Malaria-related anaemia. Parasitol. Today 16, 469\u2013476 (2000).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"72657_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-09-018069","volume":"110","author":"AA Lamikanra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lamikanra, A. A. et al. Malarial anemia: Of mice and men. Blood 110, 18\u201328 (2007).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"72657_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001972","volume":"6","author":"L Manning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manning, L. et al. Severe anemia in papua new guinean children from a malaria-endemic area: A case-control etiologic study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 6, e1972 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"72657_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60037-4","volume":"3","author":"KO Duedu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duedu, K. O., Sagoe, K. W. C., Ayeh-Kumi, P. F., Affrim, R. B. & Adiku, T. The effects of co-infection with human parvovirus B19 and plasmodium falciparum on type and degree of anaemia in Ghanaian children. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 3, 129\u2013139 (2013).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"72657_CR12","first-page":"479","volume":"64","author":"YA Tizeba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tizeba, Y. A. et al. Parvovirus B19 is associated with a significant decrease in hemoglobin level among children < 5 years of age with anemia in Northwestern Tanzania. J. Trop. Pediatr. 64, 479\u2013487 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"72657_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1999.tb01892.x","volume":"63","author":"J Yeats","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yeats, J., Daley, H. & Hardie, D. Parvovirus B19 infection does not contribute significantly to severe anaemia in children with malaria in Malawi. Eur. J. Haematol. 63, 276\u2013277 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"375","key":"72657_CR14","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"NL Toan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Toan, N. L. et al. Co-infection of human parvovirus B19 with plasmodium falciparum contributes to malaria disease severity in Gabonese patients. BMC Infect. Dis. 13(375), 1\u201310 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"72657_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1120","volume":"66","author":"B Hogan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hogan, B. et al. Malaria coinfections in febrile pediatric inpatients: A hospital-based study from Ghana. Clin. Infect. Dis. 66, 1838\u20131845 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"72657_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90179-1","volume":"10","author":"JRMA Schellenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schellenberg, J. R. M. A., Smith, T., Alonso, P. L. & Hayes, R. J. What is clinical malaria? Finding case definitions for field research in highly endemic areas. Parasitol. Today 10, 439\u2013442 (1994).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"72657_CR17","unstructured":"WHO. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitam. Miner. Nutr. Inf. Syst. (2011)."},{"key":"72657_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vyas, S. & Kumaranayake, L. Constructing socio-economic status indices: How to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan. 21, 459\u2013468 (2006).","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"72657_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01423.x","volume":"100","author":"K Kooistra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kooistra, K., Mesman, H. J., de Waal, M., Koppelman, M. H. G. M. & Zaaijer, H. L. Epidemiology of high-level parvovirus B19 viraemia among Dutch blood donors, 2003\u20132009. Vox Sang. 100, 261\u2013266 (2011).","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"72657_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12169","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.22.12169-12178.2004","volume":"78","author":"D Candotti","year":"2004","unstructured":"Candotti, D., Etiz, N., Parsyan, A. & Allain, J. Identification and characterization of persistent human erythrovirus infection in blood donor samples. J. Virol. 78, 12169\u201312178 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"72657_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molenaar-de Backer, M. W. A. et al. Detection of parvovirus B19 DNA in blood: Viruses or DNA remnants? J. Clin. Virol. 84 19\u201323 (2016).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.09.004"},{"key":"72657_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1503537","volume":"18","author":"G Gallinella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallinella, G. The clinical use of parvovirus B19 assays: Recent advances. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 18, 821\u2013832 (2018).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"72657_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840","volume":"350","author":"NS Young","year":"2004","unstructured":"Young, N. S. & Brown, K. E. Parvovirus B19. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 586\u2013597 (2004).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"72657_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoebe, C. J. P. A., Claas, E. C. J., Steenbergen, J. E. & Kroes, A. C. M. Confirmation of an outbreak of parvovirus B19 in a primary school using IgM ELISA and PCR on thumb prick blood samples. J. Clin. Virol. 25, 303\u2013307 (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00021-5"},{"key":"72657_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10452","volume":"71","author":"G Gallinella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gallinella, G. et al. Relevance of B19 markers in serum samples for a diagnosis of parvovirus B19-correlated diseases. J. Med. Virol. 71, 135\u2013139 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"72657_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2007.08.008","volume":"146","author":"M Enders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Enders, M. et al. Comparative evaluation of two commercial enzyme immunoassays for serodiagnosis of human parvovirus B19 infection. J. Virol. Methods 146, 409\u2013413 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"72657_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3191-3195.2004","volume":"42","author":"AR Butchko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Butchko, A. R. & Jordan, J. A. Comparison of three commercially available serologic assays used to detect human parvovirus B19-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies in sera of pregnant women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 3191\u20133195 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"72657_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banic, D. M., Viana-Martins, F. S., de Souza, J. M., de Castro Peixoto, T. & Daniel-Ribeiro, C. Polyclonal B-lymphocyte stimulation in human malaria and its association with ongoing parasitemia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 571\u2013577 (1991).","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.571"},{"issue":"516","key":"72657_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"AJ Stockdale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stockdale, A. J., Mitambo, C., Everett, D., Geretti, A. M. & Gordon, M. A. Epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D in Malawi: Systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis. 18(516), 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"72657_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05485-0","volume":"53","author":"A Corcoran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Corcoran, A. & Doyle, S. Advances in the biology, diagnosis and host-pathogen interactions of parvovirus B19. J. Med. Microbiol. 53, 459\u2013475 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"72657_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02613-13","volume":"52","author":"PAC Maple","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maple, P. A. C. et al. Identification of past and recent parvovirus B19 infection in immunocompetent individuals by quantitative PCR and enzyme immunoassays: a dual-laboratory study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52, 947\u2013956 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72657-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72657-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72657-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T19:48:59Z","timestamp":1670356139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72657-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["72657"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72657-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15695"}}