{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:07:37Z","timestamp":1791385657125,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is characterized by pain and decreased gait function. We aimed to find KOA-related gait features based on patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) and develop regression models using machine learning algorithms to estimate KOA severity. The study included 375 volunteers with variable KOA grades. The severity of KOA was determined using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). WOMAC scores were used to classify disease severity into three groups. A total of 1087 features were extracted from the gait data. An ANOVA and student\u2019s t-test were performed and only features that were significant were selected for inclusion in the machine learning algorithm. Three WOMAC subscales (physical function, pain and stiffness) were further divided into three classes. An ANOVA was performed to determine which selected features were significantly related to the subscales. Both linear regression models and a random forest regression was used to estimate patient the WOMAC scores. Forty-three features were selected based on ANOVA and student\u2019s t-test results. The following number of features were selected from each joint: 12 from hip, 1 feature from pelvic, 17 features from knee, 9 features from ankle, 1 feature from foot, and 3 features from spatiotemporal parameters. A significance level of\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 and\u2009&lt;\u20090.00003 was set for the ANOVA and t-test, respectively. The physical function, pain, and stiffness subscales were related to 41, 10, and 16 features, respectively. Linear regression models showed a correlation of 0.723 and the machine learning algorithm showed a correlation of 0.741. The severity of KOA was predicted by gait analysis features, which were incorporated to develop an objective estimation model for KOA severity. The identified features may serve as a tool to guide rehabilitation and progress assessments. In addition, the estimation model presented here suggests an approach for clinical application of gait analysis data for KOA evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72941-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T10:02:43Z","timestamp":1601028163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A machine learning-based diagnostic model associated with knee osteoarthritis severity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Soon Bin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunseo","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk-Soo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myung Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Du Hyun","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9859","key":"72941_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","volume":"380","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet 380(9859), 2197\u20132223 (2012).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"9995","key":"72941_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","volume":"386","author":"T Vos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vos, T. et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet 386(9995), 743\u2013800 (2015).","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"72941_CR3","first-page":"S13","volume":"112","author":"L Murphy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murphy, L. & Helmick, C. G. The impact of osteoarthritis in the United States: a population-health perspective. Orthop. Nursing. 112(3), S13\u2013S19 (2012).","journal-title":"Orthop. Nursing."},{"issue":"8","key":"72941_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300811","volume":"30","author":"DT Felson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Felson, D. T. et al. The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the elderly The Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Arthiritis Rheum. 30(8), 914\u2013918 (1987).","journal-title":"Arthiritis Rheum."},{"issue":"4","key":"72941_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200704000-00012","volume":"89","author":"S Kurtz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kurtz, S. et al. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. JBJS 89(4), 780\u2013785 (2007).","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"7","key":"72941_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00036-7","volume":"34","author":"KR Kaufman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaufman, K. R. et al. Gait characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis. J. Biomech. 34(7), 907\u2013915 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"72941_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.08.014","volume":"25","author":"M Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall, M. et al. The knee adduction moment and knee osteoarthritis symptoms: relationships according to radiographic disease severity. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 25(1), 34\u201341 (2017).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"3","key":"72941_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-008-1021-y","volume":"28","author":"R Gandhi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gandhi, R. et al. Relationship between self-reported and performance-based tests in a hip and knee joint replacement population. Clin. Rheumatol. 28(3), 253\u2013257 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"72941_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.491150","volume":"27","author":"AA Wright","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wright, A. A. et al. Measurement of function in hip osteoarthritis: developing a standardized approach for physical performance measures. Physiother Theory Pract. 27(4), 253\u2013262 (2011).","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract."},{"issue":"12","key":"72941_CR10","first-page":"1833","volume":"15","author":"N Bellamy","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bellamy, N. et al. Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J. Rheumatol. 15(12), 1833\u20131840 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"72941_CR11","first-page":"2423","volume":"26","author":"J Houpt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Houpt, J. et al. Effect of glucosamine hydrochloride in the treatment of pain of osteoarthritis of the knee. J. Rheumoatol. 26(11), 2423\u20132430 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Rheumoatol."},{"issue":"7367","key":"72941_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7367.752","volume":"325","author":"K Thomas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas, K. et al. Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325(7367), 752 (2002).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"72941_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2000.0369","volume":"9","author":"CJ Bachmeier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bachmeier, C. J. et al. A comparison of outcomes in osteoarthritis patients undergoing total hip and knee replacement surgery. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 9(2), 137\u2013146 (2001).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"5","key":"72941_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cr958oa","volume":"20","author":"U Lindemann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lindemann, U. et al. Gait analysis and WOMAC are complementary in assessing functional outcome in total hip replacement. Clin Rehabil. 20(5), 413\u2013420 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"72941_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(96)00006-1","volume":"15","author":"MW Whittle","year":"1996","unstructured":"Whittle, M. W. Clinical gait analysis: a review. Hum. Mov. Sci. 15(3), 369\u2013387 (1996).","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"72941_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9020034","volume":"9","author":"C Buckley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buckley, C. et al. The role of movement analysis in diagnosing and monitoring neurodegenerative conditions: Insights from gait and postural control. Brain Sci. 9(2), 34 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"72941_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2009.12.009","volume":"77","author":"P Ornetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ornetti, P. et al. Gait analysis as a quantifiable outcome measure in hip or knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Joint Bone Spine 77(5), 421\u2013425 (2010).","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"72941_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.07.014","volume":"27","author":"SB Kwon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kwon, S. B. et al. Identifying key gait features associated with the radiological grade of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 27, 1755\u20131760 (2019).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"1","key":"72941_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00094-1","volume":"13","author":"TJ Chau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chau, T. J. A review of analytical techniques for gait data. Part 1: fuzzy, statistical and fractal methods. Gait Posture 13(1), 49\u201366 (2001).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"1","key":"72941_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00081-X","volume":"20","author":"D Hurwitz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hurwitz, D. et al. The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain. J. Orthop. Res. 20(1), 101\u2013107 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"72941_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.02.005","volume":"23","author":"AH Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, A. H. et al. External knee adduction and flexion moments during gait and medial tibiofemoral disease progression in knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 23(7), 1099\u20131106 (2015).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"72941_CR22","unstructured":"OrthoTrak 6.6 Reference Manual. 2009."},{"issue":"8","key":"72941_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1053\/joca.2001.0471","volume":"9","author":"S-C Bae","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bae, S.-C. et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) and Lequesne osteoarthritis indices for clinical research. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 9(8), 746\u2013750 (2001).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"1","key":"72941_CR24","first-page":"41","volume":"88","author":"D Bryant","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bryant, D. et al. How many patients? How many limbs? Analysis of patients or limbs in the orthopaedic literature: a systematic review. JBJS 88(1), 41\u201345 (2006).","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"6973","key":"72941_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6973.170","volume":"310","author":"JM Bland","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bland, J. M. & Altman, D. G. J. B. Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni method. BMJ 310(6973), 170 (1995).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"72941_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"LJ Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L. J. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1), 5\u201332 (2001).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"12","key":"72941_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.12.990","volume":"49","author":"O Blin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blin, O. et al. Quantitative analysis of walking in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a method of assessing the effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 49(12), 990\u2013993 (1990).","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"72941_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2004.10.019","volume":"20","author":"A\u015e Solak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Solak, A. \u015e, Kentel, B. & Ate\u015f, Y. Does bilateral total knee arthroplasty affect gait in women? Comparison of gait analyses before and after total knee arthroplasty compared with normal knees. J. Arthoplast. 20(6), 745\u2013750 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Arthoplast."},{"key":"72941_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-019-00094-z","volume":"9","author":"R Parween","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parween, R. et al. Methods for evaluating effects of unloader knee braces on joint health: a review. Biomed. Eng. Lett. 9, 153\u2013168 (2019).","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"72941_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.1.000051","volume":"1","author":"J Favre","year":"2016","unstructured":"Favre, J. & Jolles, B. M. Gait analysis of patients with knee osteoarthritis highlights a pathological mechanical pathway and provides a basis for therapeutic interventions. EFORT Open Rev. 1(10), 368\u2013374 (2016).","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"72941_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.007","volume":"27","author":"CO Kean","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kean, C. O. et al. Comparison of peak knee adduction moment and knee adduction moment impulse in distinguishing between severities of knee osteoarthritis. Clin. Biomech. 27(5), 520\u2013523 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"issue":"3","key":"72941_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mporth.2016.04.015","volume":"30","author":"CL Brockett","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brockett, C. L. & Chapman, G. J. Biomechanics of the ankle. Orthop. Trauma 30(3), 232\u2013238 (2016).","journal-title":"Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"72941_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3109\/17453670209178029","volume":"73","author":"H G\u00f6k","year":"2002","unstructured":"G\u00f6k, H., Ergin, S. & Yavuzer, G. Kinetic and kinematic characteristics of gait in patients with medial knee arthrosis. Acta Orthop. Scand. 73(6), 647\u2013652 (2002).","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"issue":"7","key":"72941_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34422","volume":"64","author":"GH Lo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lo, G. H. et al. Associations of varus thrust and alignment with pain in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64(7), 2252\u20132259 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"11","key":"72941_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.07.009","volume":"90","author":"NA Segal","year":"2009","unstructured":"Segal, N. A. et al. Association of dynamic joint power with functional limitations in older adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90(11), 1821\u20131828 (2009).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"72941_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9757369","author":"DH Ro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ro, D. H. et al. Effects of knee osteoarthritis on hip and ankle gait mechanics. Adv. Orthop. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/9757369 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Orthop."},{"issue":"9","key":"72941_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20194","volume":"24","author":"J Weidow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weidow, J. et al. Hip and knee joint rotations differ between patients with medial and lateral knee osteoarthritis: gait analysis of 30 patients and 15 controls. J. Orthop. Res. 24(9), 1890\u20131899 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"72941_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-169","volume":"14","author":"I McCarthy","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCarthy, I. et al. Analysis of knee flexion characteristics and how they alter with the onset of knee osteoarthritis: a case control study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 14(1), 169 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"7","key":"72941_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.03.032","volume":"23","author":"MW Creaby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Creaby, M. W. It\u2019s not all about the knee adduction moment: the role of the knee flexion moment in medial knee joint loading. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 23(7), 1038\u20131040 (2015).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"4","key":"72941_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21584","volume":"64","author":"DJ Bechard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bechard, D. J. et al. Toe-out, lateral trunk lean, and pelvic obliquity during prolonged walking in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis and healthy controls. Arthritis Care Res. 64(4), 525\u2013532 (2012).","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"72941_CR41","first-page":"871","volume":"55","author":"NJ Bosomworth","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bosomworth, N. J. Exercise and knee osteoarthritis: benefit or hazard?. Can. Fam. Physician 55(9), 871\u2013878 (2009).","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07058-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000}},{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73460-2","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72941-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72941-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72941-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T17:02:57Z","timestamp":1727974977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-72941-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["72941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72941-4","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07058-x","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73460-2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-73460-2","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-73460-2","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 February 2022","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-07058-x","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-07058-x","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"15743"}}