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It has been well documented in Africa that malaria interventions in the past decade have resulted in major changes in species composition from endophilic<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>to exophilic<jats:italic>An. arabiensis<\/jats:italic>. However, the role of cryptic rare mosquito species in malaria transmission is not well known. This study examined the species composition and distribution, with a particular focus on malaria transmission potential of novel, uncharacterized<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>cryptic species in western Kenya. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS2 and COX1 genes revealed 21<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>mosquito species, including two previously unreported novel species. Unusually high rates of<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>sporozoite infections were detected in<jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>and eight cryptic rare species.<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale<\/jats:italic>sporozoite infections were identified with large proportion of mixed species infections in these vectors. This study, for the first time, reports extensive new<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>cryptic species involved in the malaria transmission in western Kenya. These findings underscore the importance of non-common<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>species in malaria transmission and the need to target them in routine vector control and surveillance efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73073-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T10:03:01Z","timestamp":1601460181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in human malaria transmission in western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Hemming-Schroeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Kibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guofa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrysone","family":"Atieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaw A.","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"73073_CR1","volume-title":"Guidelines for Malaria Vector Control","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. 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