{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:10:55Z","timestamp":1793409055615,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Italian Government has decreed a series of progressive restrictions to delay the COVID-19 pandemic diffusion in Italy since March 10, 2020, including limitation in individual mobility and the closure of social, cultural, economic and industrial activities. Here we show the lockdown effect in Northern Italy, the COVID-19 most affected area, as revealed by noise variation at seismic stations. The reaction to lockdown was slow and not homogeneous with spots of negligible noise reduction, especially in the first week. A fresh interpretation of seismic noise variations in terms of socio-economic indicators sheds new light on the lockdown efficacy pointing to the causes of such delay: the noise reduction is significant where non strategic activities prevails, while it is small or negligible where dense population and strategic activities are present. These results are crucial for the a posteriori interpretation of the pandemic diffusion and the efficacy of differently targeted political actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73102-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T10:05:05Z","timestamp":1601892305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["COVID-19 lockdown and its latency in Northern Italy: seismic evidence and socio-economic interpretation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Piccinini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Giunchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Frattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Di Giovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Prodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Chiarabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"73102_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1439228","volume":"28","author":"GE Fratti","year":"1963","unstructured":"Fratti, G. E. The nature of high frequency earth noise spectra. Geophysics 28(4), 547\u2013562 (1963).","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"73102_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1785\/0119990025","volume":"90","author":"E Stutzmann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stutzmann, E., Roult, G. & Astiz, L. GEOSCOPE station noise levels. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, 690\u2013701 (2000).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"73102_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.07.004","volume":"79","author":"S Bonnefoy-Claudet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bonnefoy-Claudet, S., Cotton, F. & Bard, P. The nature of noise wavefield and its applications for site effects studies. Earth Sci. Rev. 79, 205\u2013227 (2006).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"73102_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00009","volume":"8","author":"J Diaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diaz, J., Schimmel, M., Ruiz, M. & Carbonell, R. Seismometers within cities: a tool to connect Earth Sciences and society. Front. Earth Sci. 8, 9 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"73102_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1175\/WCAS-D-15-0074.1","volume":"8","author":"JL Demuth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Demuth, J. L., Morss, R. E., Lazo, J. K. & Trumbo, C. The effects of past hurricane experiences on evacuation intentions through risk perception and efficacy beliefs: a mediation analysis. Weather Clim. Soc. 8, 327\u2013344 (2016).","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Soc."},{"key":"73102_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1616","volume":"353","author":"P Gerstoft","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerstoft, P. & Bromirski, P. D. \u201cWeather bomb\u201d induced seismic signals. Science 353, 869\u2013870 (2016).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73102_CR7","first-page":"97","volume":"39","author":"K Kanai","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kanai, K. & Tanaka, T. On microtremors. VIII Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 39, 97\u2013114 (1961).","journal-title":"VIII Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst."},{"key":"73102_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Q09010","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GC001256","volume":"7","author":"S Marzorati","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marzorati, S. & Bindi, D. Ambient noise levels in north central Italy. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 7, Q09010 (2006).","journal-title":"Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst."},{"key":"73102_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1785\/0220190369","volume":"91","author":"T-K Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong, T.-K., Lee, J., Lee, G., Lee, J. & Park, S. Correlation between ambient seismic noises and economic growth. Seismol. Res. Lett. 91, 2343\u20132354 (2020).","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"73102_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-020-04045-1","volume":"103","author":"SN Somala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Somala, S. N. Seismic noise changes during COVID-19 pandemic: a case study of Shillong, India. Nat. Hazards 103, 1623\u20131628.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-020-04045-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"73102_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66368-0","volume":"10","author":"P Poli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poli, P. et al. The 2020 coronavirus lockdown and seismic monitoring of anthropic activities in Northern Italy. Sci. Rep. 10, 9404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66368-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"73102_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd2438","author":"T Lecocq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lecocq, T. et al. Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures. Science https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.abd2438 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"73102_CR13","unstructured":"Arpalombardia.\u00a0https:\/\/www.arpalombardia.it. Accessed 11 May 2020."},{"key":"73102_CR14","unstructured":"Allerta Meteo Emilia-Romagna.\u00a0https:\/\/allertameteo.regione.emilia-romagna.it\/web\/guest\/singola-allerta\/-\/asset_publisher\/FZPQSb6AzKtJ\/Allerta-Bollettino\/id\/1096287#.XqJ3sJMzYWo. Accessed 11 May 2020."},{"key":"73102_CR15","unstructured":"Ufficio Studi Confcommercio.\u00a0https:\/\/www.confcommercio.it\/documents\/20126\/2678762\/Congiuntura+Confcommercio+%28CC%29+4-2020.pdf\/86ca9f76-1e00-9757-e039-85169341296c. Accessed 11 May 2020."},{"key":"73102_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1785\/0120100203","volume":"101","author":"G Saccorotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saccorotti, G., Piccinini, D., Cauchie, L. & Fiori, I. Seismic noise by wind farms: a case study from the Virgo gravitational wave observatory, Italy. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 101, 568\u2013578 (2011).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"73102_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9529","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL083438","volume":"46","author":"F Brenguier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brenguier, F. et al. Train traffic as a powerful noise source for monitoring active faults with seismic interferometry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 9529\u20139536 (2019).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"73102_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004978117","volume":"117","author":"M Gatto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gatto, M. et al. Spread and dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy: effects of emergency containment measures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 10484\u201310491 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"73102_CR19","unstructured":"Nielsen, MarketTrack.\u00a0https:\/\/www.nielsen.com\/us\/en\/insights\/article\/2020\/covid-19-tracking-the-impact-on-fmcg-and-retail\/. Accessed 11 May 2020."},{"key":"73102_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"INGV Seismological Data Centre. Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13127\/SD\/X0FXNH7QFY\u00a0(2006).","DOI":"10.13127\/SD\/X0FXNH7QFY"},{"key":"73102_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geological Survey-Provincia Autonoma Di Trento. Trentino Seismic Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7914\/SN\/ST (1981).","DOI":"10.7914\/SN\/ST"},{"key":"73102_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OGS (Istituto Nazionale Di Oceanografia E Di Geofisica Sperimentale). North-East Italy Seismic Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7914\/SN\/OX\u00a0(2016).","DOI":"10.7914\/SN\/OX"},{"key":"73102_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"University Of Genova.\u00a0Regional Seismic Network of North Western Italy. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7914\/SN\/GU\u00a0(1967).","DOI":"10.7914\/SN\/GU"},{"key":"73102_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"SA97","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2010-0188.1","volume":"76","author":"N Nakata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nakata, N., Snieder, R., Tsuji, T., Larner, K. & Matsuoka, T. Shear-wave imaging from traffic noise using seismic interferometry by cross-coherence. Geophysics 76, SA97\u2013SA106 (2011).","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"73102_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063558","volume":"42","author":"N Riahi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Riahi, N. & Gerstoft, P. The seismic traffic footprint: tracking trains, aircraft, and cars seismically. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 2674\u20132681 (2015).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"73102_CR26","unstructured":"Bormann, P. & Wielandt, E. Seismic Signals and Noise, Version June 2013 (2013)."},{"issue":"107","key":"73102_CR27","first-page":"83","volume":"12","author":"K Holub","year":"1998","unstructured":"Holub, K. Some made man sources of the seismic noise. Acta Montana IRSM AS CR Ser. A 12(107), 83\u201398 (1998).","journal-title":"Acta Montana IRSM AS CR Ser. A"},{"key":"73102_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04343.x","volume":"179","author":"JC Groos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groos, J. C. & Ritter, J. R. R. Time domain classification and quantification of seismic noise in an urban environment. Geophys. J. Int. 179, 1213\u20131231 (2009).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"73102_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-017-1477-2","volume":"174","author":"FF Lott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lott, F. F., Ritter, J. R. R. & Al-Qaryouti, M. On the analysis of wind-induced noise in seismological recordings. Pure Appl. Geophys. 174, 1453\u20131470 (2017).","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"73102_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1785\/012003001","volume":"94","author":"DE McNamara","year":"2004","unstructured":"McNamara, D. E. & Buland, R. P. Ambient noise levels in the continental United States. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, 1517\u20131527 (2004).","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"73102_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1979.tb00695.x","volume":"11","author":"KE Brassel","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brassel, K. E. & Reif, D. A procedure to generate Thiessen polygons. Geograph. Anal. 11, 289\u2013303 (1979).","journal-title":"Geograph. Anal."},{"key":"73102_CR32","first-page":"0323","volume":"59","author":"M Olivieri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olivieri, M. & Spada, G. Spatial sea-level reconstruction in the Baltic Sea and in the pacific Ocean from tide gauges observations. Ann. Geophys. 59, 0323 (2016).","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"73102_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2004.0034","volume":"76","author":"F Manni","year":"2004","unstructured":"Manni, F., Guerard, E. & Heyer, E. Geographic patterns of (genetic, morphologic, linguistic) variation: how barriers can be detected by using Monmonier\u2019s algorithm. Hum. Biol. 76, 173\u2013190 (2004).","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"73102_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/2013EO450001","volume":"94","author":"P Wessel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J. F. & Wobbe, F. Generic mapping tools: improved version released. EOS Trans. AGU 94, 409\u2013410 (2013).","journal-title":"EOS Trans. AGU"},{"key":"73102_CR35","volume-title":"An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements","author":"JR Taylor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Taylor, J. R. An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements (University Science Books, Mill Valley, 1997)."},{"key":"73102_CR36","unstructured":"Istat (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica).Online data warehouse.\u00a0https:\/\/www.istat.it. Accessed 23 April 2020."},{"key":"73102_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WorldPop (www.worldpop.org - School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton; Department of Geography and Geosciences, University of Louisville; Departement de Geographie, Universite de Namur) and Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University (2018). Global High Resolution Population Denominators Project - Funded by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1134076).\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5258\/SOTON\/WP00645.","DOI":"10.5258\/SOTON\/WP00645"},{"key":"73102_CR38","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis","author":"WH Greene","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greene, W. H. Econometric Analysis 8th edn. (Pearson, London, 2018).","edition":"8"},{"key":"73102_CR39","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2013).\u00a0https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"73102_CR40","unstructured":"Eurostat.\u00a0https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/documents\/3859598\/5902521\/KS-RA-07-015-EN.PDF. Accessed 11 May 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"73102_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","volume":"9","author":"JD Hunter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hunter, J. D. Matplotlib: a 2D graphics environment. Comput. Sci. Eng. 9(3), 90\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55 (2007).","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-73102-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-73102-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-73102-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T20:07:55Z","timestamp":1670357275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-73102-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["73102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-73102-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"16487"}}