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Research results in animal infection models support the concept that superantigens, including SEB contribute to sepsis and skin and soft tissue infections. In contrast to antibiotics, antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a promising method to combat both bacterial cells and virulence factors. The main aims of this research were to (1) select the most stable reference genes under sublethal aPDI treatments and (2) evaluate the impact of aPDI on s<jats:italic>eb<\/jats:italic>. Two aPDI combinations were applied under sublethal conditions: rose bengal (RB) and green light (\u03bb<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009515\u00a0nm) and new methylene blue (NMB) and red light (\u03bb<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009632\u00a0nm). The stability of ten candidate reference genes (<jats:italic>16S rRNA, fabD, ftsZ, gmk, gyrB, proC, pyk, rho, rpoB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>tpiA<\/jats:italic>) was evaluated upon aPDI using four software packages\u2014BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder. Statistical analyses ranked <jats:italic>ftsZ<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>gmk<\/jats:italic> (RB\u2009+\u2009green light) and <jats:italic>ftsZ, proC,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>fabD<\/jats:italic> (NMB\u2009+\u2009red light) as the most stable reference genes upon photodynamic treatment. Our studies showed downregulation of <jats:italic>seb<\/jats:italic> under both aPDI conditions, suggesting that aPDI could decrease the level of virulence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73409-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T10:05:01Z","timestamp":1601546701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Validation of stable reference genes in Staphylococcus aureus to study gene expression under photodynamic treatment: a case study of SEB virulence factor analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Ogonowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Nakonieczna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"73409_CR1","unstructured":"Le Loir, Y., Baron, F. & Gautier, M. 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