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Children\u2019s delay-of-gratification behaviors have been examined in the well-known \u201cmarshmallow test,\u201d in which 3- to 5-year-olds are given a marshmallow and told by an experimenter that they can eat it immediately or wait for an unspecified duration of time (which can be capped at 15\u00a0min) until the experimenter returns so that they can receive another marshmallow. Children's wait time has been viewed as a good indicator of their later development. Here we show that a group of 22-month-old infants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200932) already held expectations about others\u2019 choices in a violation-of-expectation looking-time task modeled after the marshmallow test. The infants expected an agent to defer gratification based on a speaker\u2019s promise of the second marshmallow available in the future, but to eat the currently attainable marshmallow when the speaker made no such promise. Our findings indicate an early-emerging understanding of others\u2019 choices of delayed or instant gratification and shed new light on the development of delay-of-gratification behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76136-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T11:03:19Z","timestamp":1604574199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Infant expectations of instant or delayed gratification"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duangporn","family":"Pattanakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"76136_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2658056","volume":"244","author":"W Mischel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mischel, W., Shoda, Y. & Rodriguez, M. 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