{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T18:12:06Z","timestamp":1732039926226},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"a grant from Japanese Society for Pediatric Infectious Disease"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in children. The symptoms of UTI in young children are nonspecific, therefore urine should be examined whenever UTI cannot be ruled out. In clinical settings, however, collecting urine from children who are not toilet trained is sometimes difficult, presenting a challenge in UTI management. Here, we developed a \u201cdiaper UTI test\u201d, which enables the quick detection of pyuria in ordinary diapers, and investigated its sensitivity and specificity in a clinical study. The diaper UTI test is based on a leukocyte esterase reaction. Reagent was prepared in liquid form so that it can be absorbed by disposable diapers, where it will produce a violet color in the presence of pyuria. For the clinical study, we enrolled children younger than 3\u00a0years with potential UTI who underwent bladder catheterization for urine culture and urinalysis. Of the 65 children included, 21 were diagnosed with UTI. The sensitivity and specificity of the diaper UTI test were 90.5% (95% CI 69.6\u201398.8) and 93.2% (95% CI 81.3\u201398.6), respectively. Because of its convenience and good sensitivity, the diaper UTI test may be useful in the screening of pediatric UTI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76405-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]],"date-time":"2020-11-09T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1604919902000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A novel screening method for pediatric urinary tract infection using ordinary diapers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Takuma","family":"Ohnishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nariaki","family":"Asada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munehiro","family":"Furuichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichiro","family":"Sekiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Awazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isamu","family":"Kamimaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"76405_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815e4122","volume":"27","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shaikh, N., Morone, N. E., Bost, J. E. & Farrell, M. H. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: A meta-analysis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27, 302\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815e4122 (2008).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"76405_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/02813432.2011.554268","volume":"29","author":"K O'Brien","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, K., Stanton, N., Edwards, A., Hood, K. & Butler, C. C. Prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in sequential acutely unwell children presenting in primary care: Exploratory study. Scand. J. Prim. Health Care 29, 19\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/02813432.2011.554268 (2011).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Prim. Health Care"},{"key":"76405_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)81531-8","volume":"123","author":"A Hoberman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hoberman, A. et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants. J. Pediatr. 123, 17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(05)81531-8 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"76405_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6701.703","volume":"299","author":"SH Jacobson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Jacobson, S. H. et al. Development of hypertension and uraemia after pyelonephritis in childhood: 27 year follow up. BMJ 299, 703\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.299.6701.703 (1989).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"76405_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02542.x","volume":"101","author":"J Round","year":"2012","unstructured":"Round, J., Fitzgerald, A. C., Hulme, C., Lakhanpaul, M. & Tullus, K. Urinary tract infections in children and the risk of ESRF. Acta Paediatr. 101, 278\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02542.x (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"76405_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007","volume":"67","author":"R Stein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stein, R. et al. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU\/ESPU guidelines. Eur. Urol. 67, 546\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.007 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"76405_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1330","volume":"128","author":"KB Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts, K. B. Urinary tract infection: Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128, 595\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-1330 (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"76405_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1966-y","volume":"26","author":"K Tullus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tullus, K. Difficulties in diagnosing urinary tract infections in small children. Pediatr. Nephrol. 26, 1923\u20131926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-011-1966-y (2011).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"76405_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814536263","volume":"53","author":"K Coutinho","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coutinho, K., Stensland, K., Akhavan, A., Jayadevan, R. & Stock, J. A. Pediatrician noncompliance with the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for the workup of UTI in infants. Clin. Pediatr. (Phila) 53, 1139\u20131148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922814536263 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr. (Phila)"},{"key":"76405_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-3135","volume":"132","author":"HL Copp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Copp, H. L., Yiee, J. H., Smith, A., Hanley, J. & Saigal, C. S. Use of urine testing in outpatients treated for urinary tract infection. Pediatrics 132, 437\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-3135 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"76405_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2017.09.013","volume":"3","author":"B Kutasy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kutasy, B., Coyle, D. & Fossum, M. Urinary tract infection in children: Management in the era of antibiotic resistance-A pediatric urologist\u2019s view. Eur. Urol. Focus 3, 207\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euf.2017.09.013 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. 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Design and fabrication of smart diapers with antibacterial yarn. J. Healthc. Eng. 2017, 8046134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/8046134 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"76405_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-1996-8","volume":"46","author":"H Karlsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karlsen, H., Dong, T. & Suo, Z. A diaper pad for diaper-based urine collection and colorimetric screening of urinary biomarkers. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 46, 717\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-018-1996-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"76405_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1181","volume":"170","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shaikh, N. et al. Early antibiotic treatment for pediatric febrile urinary tract infection and renal scarring. JAMA Pediatr. 170, 848\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1181 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"76405_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304428","volume":"99","author":"MG Coulthard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coulthard, M. G. et al. Does prompt treatment of urinary tract infection in preschool children prevent renal scarring: Mixed retrospective and prospective audits. Arch. Dis. Child. 99, 342\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304428 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"76405_CR18","first-page":"1153","volume":"71","author":"JA Simerville","year":"2005","unstructured":"Simerville, J. A., Maxted, W. C. & Pahira, J. J. Urinalysis: A comprehensive review. Am. Fam. Physician 71, 1153\u20131162 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. Fam. 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Bone Marrow Transpl. 48, 452\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bmt.2012.244 (2013).","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76405-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76405-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76405-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T22:47:40Z","timestamp":1670366860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76405-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-76405-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19342"}}