{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:04:27Z","timestamp":1783533867713,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is common in liver cirrhosis. Although esophageal and gastric varices (EGV) is the main bleeding source, there were still a proportion of patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the characteristic of variceal bleeding and peptic ulcer bleeding in liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients with confirmed UGIB by urgent endoscopy from July 2012 to June 2018 were enrolled, and classified into peptic ulcer bleeding group (n\u2009=\u2009248) and variceal bleeding group (n\u2009=\u2009402). Clinical and endoscopic characteristics, therapeutic efficacy and prognosis were evaluated, and independent risk factors for 42-day morality were determined. The mean age and gender ratio of peptic ulcer bleeding group were higher than those in variceal bleeding group (55.58\u2009\u00b1\u200911.37 vs. 52.87\u2009\u00b1\u200911.57, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01; 4.51:1 vs. 2.87:1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023). Variceal bleeding group most commonly presented as red blood emesis and coffee grounds (67.16%), while peptic ulcer group primarily manifested as melena (62.10%). Hepatocellular carcinoma was more prevalent in peptic ulcer group (141 vs. 119, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Albumin level in variceal bleeding group was lower higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), but serum bilirubin, creatinine and prothrombin time were significantly higher (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Success rate of endoscopic hemostasis for variceal bleeding and peptic ulcer bleeding was 89.05% and 94.35% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021). Univariate and multivariate analysis identified prothrombin time (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041, OR [95% CI] 0.884 [0.786\u20130.995]), MELD score (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.000, OR [95% CI] 1.153 [1.073\u20131.240]), emergency intervention (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002, OR [95% CI] 8.656 [2.219\u201333.764]), hepatic encephalopathy before bleeding (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003, OR [95% CI] 8.119 [2.084\u201331.637]) and hepatic renal syndrome before bleeding (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029, OR [95% CI] 3.877 [1.152\u201313.045]) as the independent predictors for 42-day mortality. Peptic ulcer bleeding should be distinguished from variceal bleeding by clinical and endoscopic characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76530-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T11:05:54Z","timestamp":1605697554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Characteristics of peptic ulcer bleeding in cirrhotic patients with esophageal and gastric varices"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"76530_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.1.e1","volume":"51","author":"K Palmer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Palmer, K. 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