{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:57:07Z","timestamp":1790643427946,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Heart and Stroke Foundation Trainee Award"},{"name":"Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Heart and Stroke Foundation Catalyst Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent findings indicate that measures derived from resting-state magnetoencephalography (rsMEG) are sensitive to cortical dysfunction in post-stroke aphasia. Spectral power and multiscale entropy (MSE) measures show that left-hemispheric areas surrounding the stroke lesion (perilesional) exhibit pathological oscillatory slowing and alterations in signal complexity. In the current study, we tested whether individually-targeted high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) can reduce MEG abnormalities and transiently improve language performance. In eleven chronic aphasia survivors, we devised a method to localize perilesional areas exhibiting peak MSE abnormalities, and subsequently targeted these areas with excitatory\/anodal-tDCS, or targeted the contralateral homolog areas with inhibitory\/cathodal-tDCS, based on prominent theories of stroke recovery. Pathological MEG slowing in these patients was correlated with aphasia severity. Sentence\/phrase repetition accuracy was assessed before and after tDCS. A delayed word reading task was administered inside MEG to assess tDCS-induced neurophysiological changes in relative power and MSE computed on the pre-stimulus and delay task time windows. Results indicated increases in repetition accuracy, decreases in contralateral theta (4\u20137\u00a0Hz) and coarse-scale MSE (slow activity), and increases in perilesional low-gamma (25\u201350\u00a0Hz) and fine-scale MSE (fast activity) after anodal-tDCS, indicating reversal of pathological abnormalities. RsMEG may be a sensitive measure for guiding therapeutic tDCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76533-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T11:02:41Z","timestamp":1605178961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["High definition transcranial direct current stimulation modulates abnormal neurophysiological activity in post-stroke aphasia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Priyanka P.","family":"Shah-Basak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayatri","family":"Sivaratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Teti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Francois-Nienaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Yossofzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumiti","family":"Nayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Jokel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jed","family":"Meltzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"76533_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200522020-00006","volume":"22","author":"ML Berthier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berthier, M. L. Poststroke aphasia\u202f: epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. Drugs Aging 22, 163\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00002512-200522020-00006 (2005).","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"76533_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015626","volume":"48","author":"S Wortman-Jutt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wortman-Jutt, S. & Edwards, D. J. Transcranial direct current stimulation in poststroke aphasia recovery. Stroke 48, 820\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015626 (2017).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"76533_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2016.10.002","volume":"46","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lefaucheur, J. P. A comprehensive database of published tDCS clinical trials (2005\u20132016). Neurophysiol. Clin. 46, 319\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neucli.2016.10.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"76533_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2011-0618","volume":"29","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Transcranial direct current stimulation\u2013update 2011. Restorat. Neurol. Neurosci. 29, 463\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-2011-0618 (2011).","journal-title":"Restorat. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510","volume":"34","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stagg, C. J., Antal, A. & Nitsche, M. A. Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation. J. ECT 34, 144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510 (2018).","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"76533_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","volume":"591","author":"G Batsikadze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batsikadze, G., Moliadze, V., Paulus, W., Kuo, M. F. & Nitsche, M. A. Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. J. Physiol. 591, 1987\u20132000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"76533_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","volume":"128","author":"A Antal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antal, A. et al. Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 1774\u20131809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"76533_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150616","volume":"34","author":"PP Shah-Basak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah-Basak, P. P., Wurzman, R., Purcell, J. B., Gervits, F. & Hamilton, R. Fields or flows? A comparative metaanalysis of transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation to treat post-stroke aphasia. Restorat. Neurol. Neurosci. 34, 537\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/RNN-150616 (2016).","journal-title":"Restorat. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"009760","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009760.pub4","volume":"5","author":"B Elsner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elsner, B., Kugler, J., Pohl, M. & Mehrholz, J. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving aphasia in adults with aphasia after stroke. Cochrane Datab. Syst. Rev. 5, 009760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009760.pub4 (2019).","journal-title":"Cochrane Datab. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"76533_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00550","volume":"9","author":"L Ulm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ulm, L., McMahon, K., Copland, D., de Zubicaray, G. I. & Meinzer, M. Neural mechanisms underlying perilesional transcranial direct current stimulation in aphasia: a feasibility study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9, 550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00550 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.576785","volume":"41","author":"JM Baker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baker, J. M., Rorden, C. & Fridriksson, J. Using transcranial direct-current stimulation to treat stroke patients with aphasia. Stroke 41, 1229\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.576785 (2010).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"76533_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00201","volume":"9","author":"PP Shah-Basak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah-Basak, P. P. et al. Individualized treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia due to stroke. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 9, 201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00201 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2287","volume":"75","author":"J Fridriksson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fridriksson, J. et al. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation vs Sham Stimulation to Treat Aphasia After Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA neurology 75, 1470\u20131476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2287 (2018).","journal-title":"JAMA neurology"},{"key":"76533_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046011","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/4\/046011","volume":"8","author":"JP Dmochowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dmochowski, J. P., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Su, Y. & Parra, L. C. Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target. J. Neural Eng. 8, 046011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/4\/046011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"76533_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","volume":"2","author":"A Datta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datta, A. et al. Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad. Brain Stimul. 2, 201\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005 (2009).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"76533_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.022","volume":"11","author":"J Reckow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reckow, J. et al. Tolerability and blinding of 4x1 high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) at two and three milliamps. Brain Stimul. 11, 991\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.04.022 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"76533_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010","volume":"6","author":"HI Kuo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kuo, H. I. et al. Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4 x 1 ring tDCS: a neurophysiological study. Brain Stimul. 6, 644\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2012.09.010 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"76533_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.001","volume":"9","author":"M Bortoletto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bortoletto, M., Rodella, C., Salvador, R., Miranda, P. C. & Miniussi, C. Reduced current spread by concentric electrodes in transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). Brain Stimul. 9, 525\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.03.001 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"76533_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caparelli-Daquer, E. M. et al. A pilot study on effects of 4x1 high-definition tDCS on motor cortex excitability. Conference proceedings: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference 2012, 735\u2013738, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346036 (2012).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2012.6346036"},{"key":"76533_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2891-9","volume":"216","author":"L Jacobson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobson, L., Koslowsky, M. & Lavidor, M. tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review. Exp. Brain Res. 216, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-011-2891-9 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"76533_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23469","volume":"38","author":"R Darkow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Darkow, R., Martin, A., Wurtz, A., Floel, A. & Meinzer, M. Transcranial direct current stimulation effects on neural processing in post-stroke aphasia. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38, 1518\u20131531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.23469 (2017).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"76533_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00927","volume":"28","author":"P Marangolo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marangolo, P. et al. Bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment enhances functional connectivity in the left hemisphere: preliminary data from aphasia. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 28, 724\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn_a_00927 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.019","volume":"8","author":"RK Chu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chu, R. K., Braun, A. R. & Meltzer, J. A. MEG-based detection and localization of perilesional dysfunction in chronic stroke. NeuroImage. Clin. 8, 157\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.03.019 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroImage. Clin."},{"key":"76533_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00040","volume":"8","author":"A Kielar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kielar, A. et al. Identifying dysfunctional cortex: dissociable effects of stroke and aging on resting state dynamics in MEG and fMRI. Front. Aging Neurosci. 8, 40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00040 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt112","volume":"136","author":"E Carrera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carrera, E. et al. Is neural activation within the rescued penumbra impeded by selective neuronal loss?. Brain 136, 1816\u20131829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awt112 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"76533_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061146","volume":"8","author":"K Laaksonen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laaksonen, K. et al. Alterations in spontaneous brain oscillations during stroke recovery. PLoS ONE 8, e61146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061146 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"76533_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20796","volume":"83","author":"F Tecchio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tecchio, F. et al. Long-term effects of stroke on neuronal rest activity in rolandic cortical areas. J. Neurosci. Res. 83, 1077\u20131087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.20796 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"76533_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.008","volume":"39","author":"M Meinzer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meinzer, M. et al. Functional re-recruitment of dysfunctional brain areas predicts language recovery in chronic aphasia. NeuroImage 39, 2038\u20132046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.10.008 (2008).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"76533_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-2-20","volume":"2","author":"M Meinzer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Meinzer, M. et al. Intensive language training enhances brain plasticity in chronic aphasia. BMC Biol. 2, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7007-2-20 (2004).","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"76533_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.09.004","volume":"273","author":"J Courtiol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Courtiol, J. et al. The multiscale entropy: guidelines for use and interpretation in brain signal analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 273, 175\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.09.004 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"76533_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H2039","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039","volume":"278","author":"JS Richman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Richman, J. S. & Moorman, J. R. Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278, H2039-2049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"76533_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021906","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.71.021906","volume":"1","author":"M Costa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Costa, M., Goldberger, A. L. & Peng, C. K. Multiscale entropy analysis of biological signals. Phys. Rev. E 1, 021906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevE.71.021906 (2005).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"76533_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/s1388-2457(00)00526-5","volume":"112","author":"A de Jongh","year":"2001","unstructured":"de Jongh, A. et al. The localization of spontaneous brain activity: first results in patients with cerebral tumors. Clin. Neurophys. 112, 378\u2013385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1388-2457(00)00526-5 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophys."},{"key":"76533_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.037","volume":"60","author":"A Raja Beharelle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raja Beharelle, A., Kovacevic, N., McIntosh, A. R. & Levine, B. Brain signal variability relates to stability of behavior after recovery from diffuse brain injury. NeuroImage 60, 1528\u20131537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.037 (2012).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"76533_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218348X07003691","volume":"15","author":"JH Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park, J. H., Kim, S., Kim, C. H., Cichocki, A. & Kim, K. Multiscale entropy analysis of EEG from patients under different pathological conditions. Fractals 15, 399\u2013404 (2007).","journal-title":"Fractals"},{"key":"76533_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.11.006","volume":"29","author":"J Poza","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poza, J., Hornero, R., Abasolo, D., Fernandez, A. & Garcia, M. Extraction of spectral based measures from MEG background oscillations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Med. Eng. Phys. 29, 1073\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.11.006 (2007).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"76533_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/752808","author":"J Kosciessa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kosciessa, J., Kloosterman, N. & Garrett, D. D. Standard multiscale entropy reflects neural dynamics at mismatched temporal scales: what\u2019s signal irregularity got to do with it?. BioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/752808 (2020).","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"76533_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl090","volume":"129","author":"D Saur","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saur, D. et al. Dynamics of language reorganization after stroke. Brain 129, 1371\u20131384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awl090 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"76533_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00675","volume":"10","author":"C Norise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Norise, C. & Hamilton, R. H. Non-invasive brain stimulation in the treatment of post-stroke and neurodegenerative aphasia: parallels, differences, and lessons learned. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 10, 675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00675 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.02.005","volume":"118","author":"RH Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton, R. H., Chrysikou, E. G. & Coslett, B. Mechanisms of aphasia recovery after stroke and the role of noninvasive brain stimulation. Brain Lang. 118, 40\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.02.005 (2011).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"76533_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.11.016","volume":"22","author":"MA Naeser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Naeser, M. A. et al. Overt propositional speech in chronic nonfluent aphasia studied with the dynamic susceptibility contrast fMRI method. NeuroImage 22, 29\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.11.016 (2004).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"76533_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.47.6.1504","volume":"47","author":"P Belin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Belin, P. et al. Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: a PET study. Neurology 47, 1504\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.47.6.1504 (1996).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"76533_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1999.1100","volume":"42","author":"HJ Rosen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosen, H. J., Ojemann, J. G., Ollinger, J. M. & Petersen, S. E. Comparison of brain activation during word retrieval done silently and aloud using fMRI. Brain Cogn. 42, 201\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/brcg.1999.1100 (2000).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"76533_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-141199","volume":"36","author":"J Richardson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richardson, J., Datta, A., Dmochowski, J., Parra, L. C. & Fridriksson, J. Feasibility of using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to enhance treatment outcomes in persons with aphasia. NeuroRehabilitation 36, 115\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/NRE-141199 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"76533_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.03.010","volume":"406","author":"V Fiori","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fiori, V., Nitsche, M. A., Cucuzza, G., Caltagirone, C. & Marangolo, P. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation improves verb recovery in aphasic patients depending on current intensity. Neuroscience 406, 159\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.03.010 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"76533_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.018","volume":"8","author":"J Gill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gill, J., Shah-Basak, P. P. & Hamilton, R. It\u2019s the thought that counts: examining the task-dependent effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on executive function. Brain Stimul. 8, 253\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.018 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"76533_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/259713","author":"AR McIntosh","year":"2018","unstructured":"McIntosh, A. R. Neurocognitive aging and brain signal complexity. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/259713 (2018).","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"76533_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120991","volume":"10","author":"MJ Brookes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brookes, M. J. et al. Complexity measures in magnetoencephalography: measuring \u201cdisorder\u201d in schizophrenia. PLoS ONE 10, e0120991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120991 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"76533_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht030","volume":"24","author":"AR McIntosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"McIntosh, A. R. et al. Spatiotemporal dependency of age-related changes in brain signal variability. Cereb. Cortex 24, 1806\u20131817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bht030 (2014).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"76533_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3153-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"VA Vakorin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vakorin, V. A., Lippe, S. & McIntosh, A. R. Variability of brain signals processed locally transforms into higher connectivity with brain development. J. Neurosci. 31, 6405\u20136413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3153-10.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00352","volume":"12","author":"DJJ Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, D. J. J. et al. Neurophysiological basis of multi-scale entropy of brain complexity and its relationship with functional connectivity. Front. Neurosci. 12, 352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.00352 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"76533_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.02.028","volume":"18","author":"A Kielar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kielar, A., Deschamps, T., Jokel, R. & Meltzer, J. A. Abnormal language-related oscillatory responses in primary progressive aphasia. NeuroImage. Clin. 18, 560\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.02.028 (2018).","journal-title":"NeuroImage. Clin."},{"key":"76533_CR53","volume-title":"The Western Aphasia Battery","author":"A Kertesz","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kertesz, A. The Western Aphasia Battery (Grune & Stratton, New York, 1982)."},{"key":"76533_CR54","volume-title":"Boston Naming Test","author":"E Kaplan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H. & Weintraub, S. Boston Naming Test (Lea & Febiger, London, 2001)."},{"key":"76533_CR55","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test","author":"M Dunn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dunn, M. & Dunn, L. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (AGS, London, 1997)."},{"key":"76533_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039608248403","volume":"10","author":"J Kay","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kay, J., Lesser, R. & Coltheart, M. Psycholinguistic assessments of language processing in aphasia (PALPA): an introduction. Aphasiology 10, 159\u2013180 (1996).","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"76533_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/12\/4506","volume":"61","author":"M Alam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alam, M., Truong, D. Q., Khadka, N. & Bikson, M. Spatial and polarity precision of concentric high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Phys. Med. Biol. 61, 4506\u20134521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/61\/12\/4506 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"76533_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50309","DOI":"10.3791\/50309","volume":"1","author":"MF Villamar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Villamar, M. F. et al. Technique and considerations in the use of 4x1 ring high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). J. Vis. Exp. 1, e50309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/50309 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"76533_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","volume":"29","author":"RW Cox","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cox, R. W. AFNI: software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Comput. Biomed. Res. 29, 162\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014 (1996).","journal-title":"Comput Biomed Res"},{"key":"76533_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.09.023","volume":"122","author":"P Minhas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minhas, P., Datta, A. & Bikson, M. Cutaneous perception during tDCS: role of electrode shape and sponge salinity. Clin. Neurophysiol. 122, 637\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.09.023 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"76533_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/2\/010","volume":"44","author":"MX Huang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huang, M. X., Mosher, J. C. & Leahy, R. M. A sensor-weighted overlapping-sphere head model and exhaustive head model comparison for MEG. Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 423\u2013440 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"76533_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1238","volume":"25","author":"J Vrba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vrba, J. & Robinson, S. E. Signal processing in magnetoencephalography. Methods 25, 249\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1238 (2001).","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"76533_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-011-9109-y","volume":"9","author":"BB Avants","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avants, B. B., Tustison, N. J., Wu, J., Cook, P. A. & Gee, J. C. An open source multivariate framework for n-tissue segmentation with evaluation on public data. Neuroinformatics 9, 381\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12021-011-9109-y (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"76533_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24470","volume":"40","author":"PP Shah-Basak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shah-Basak, P. P. et al. Spontaneous oscillatory markers of cognitive status in two forms of dementia. Hum. Brain Mapp. 40, 1594\u20131607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24470 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"76533_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0182-9","volume":"44","author":"BC Armstrong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armstrong, B. C., Watson, C. E. & Plaut, D. C. SOS! An algorithm and software for the stochastic optimization of stimuli. Behav. Res. Methods 44, 675\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-011-0182-9 (2012).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"76533_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., Machler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1\u201312 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"76533_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2017.0213","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S., Johnson, P. C. D. & Schielzeth, H. The coefficient of determination R(2) and intra-class correlation coefficient from generalized linear mixed-effects models revisited and expanded. J. R. Soc. Interface https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2017.0213 (2017).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"76533_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2016)."},{"key":"76533_CR69","unstructured":"Saturnino, G. B. et al. in Brain and Human Body Modeling (eds S. Makarov, M. Horner, & G. Noetscher) (Springer, Cham, 2019)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76533-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76533-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76533-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T23:04:37Z","timestamp":1670367877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-76533-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-76533-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19625"}}