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However, the exact mode of action of tDCS-related cortical alterations is still unclear as the results of tDCS studies often do not comply with the somatic doctrine assuming that anodal tDCS enhances while cathodal tDCS decreases neuronal excitability. Changes in the regional cortical neurotransmitter balance within the stimulated cortex, measured by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels, have the potential to provide direct neurochemical underpinnings of tDCS effects. Here we assessed tDCS-induced modulations of the neurotransmitter concentrations in the human auditory cortex (AC) by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at ultra-high-field (7\u00a0T). We quantified inhibitory gamma-amino butyric (GABA) concentration and excitatory glutamate (Glu) and compared changes in the relative concentration of GABA to Glu before and after tDCS application. We found that both, anodal and cathodal tDCS significantly increased the relative concentration of GABA to Glu with individual temporal specificity. Our results offer novel insights for a potential neurochemical mechanism that underlies tDCS-induced alterations of AC processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77111-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T11:05:54Z","timestamp":1605697554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the auditory cortex modulates GABA and glutamate: a 7\u00a0T MR-spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Heimrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Brechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Blobel-L\u00fcer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Budinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tino","family":"Zaehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"77111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/196584a0","volume":"196","author":"LJ Bindman","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bindman, L. 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