{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:11:14Z","timestamp":1794258674058,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1127286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1127286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J004235\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J004235\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT079445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT079445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D plays a critical role in calcium homeostasis and in the maintenance and development of skeletal health. Vitamin D status has increasingly been linked to non-skeletal health outcomes such as all-cause mortality, infectious diseases and reproductive outcomes in both humans and veterinary species. We have previously demonstrated a relationship between vitamin D status, assessed by the measurement of serum concentrations of the major vitamin D metabolite 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and a wide range of non-skeletal health outcomes in companion and wild animals. The aims of this study were to define the host and environmental factors associated with vitamin D status in a cohort of 527 calves from Western Kenya which were part of the Infectious Disease of East African Livestock (IDEAL) cohort. A secondary aim was to explore the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations measured in 7-day old calves and subsequent health outcomes over the following 12\u00a0months. A genome wide association study demonstrated that both dietary and endogenously produced vitamin D metabolites were under polygenic control in African calves. In addition, we found that neonatal vitamin D status was not predictive of the subsequent development of an infectious disease event or mortality over the 12\u00a0month follow up period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77209-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T11:03:44Z","timestamp":1606302224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Determinants of vitamin D status in Kenyan calves"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Callaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Hurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Handel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Toye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barend M. de C.","family":"Bronsvoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Mellanby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9929","key":"77209_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61650-5","volume":"383","author":"CJ Elder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elder, C. J. & Bishop, N. J. Rickets. Lancet 383(9929), 1665\u20131676 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"77209_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810375240","volume":"48","author":"KE Dittmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dittmer, K. E. & Thompson, K. G. Vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic animals: A review. Vet. Pathol. 48(2), 389\u2013407 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"77209_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2991","volume":"93","author":"L Hymoller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hymoller, L. & Jensen, S. K. Vitamin D(3) synthesis in the entire skin surface of dairy cows despite hair coverage. J. Dairy Sci. 93(5), 2025\u20132029 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"77209_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellanby E. Nutrition classics. Lancet 1, 407\u201312 (1919) (an experimental investigation of rickets. Edward Mellanby. Nutr. Rev. 34(11), 338\u201340, 1976).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1976.tb05815.x"},{"issue":"4616","key":"77209_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6310748","volume":"221","author":"DM Provvedini","year":"1983","unstructured":"Provvedini, D. M., Tsoukas, C. D., Deftos, L. J. & Manolagas, S. C. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221(4616), 1181\u20131183 (1983).","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"77209_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick, M. F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 357(3), 266\u2013281 (2007).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"77209_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","volume":"10","author":"F Baeke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baeke, F., Takiishi, T., Korf, H., Gysemans, C. & Mathieu, C. Vitamin D: Modulator of the immune system. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 10(4), 482\u2013496 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"77209_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00575","volume":"6","author":"D Besusso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Besusso, D. et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-conditioned CD11c+ dendritic cells are effective initiators of CNS autoimmune disease. Front. Immunol. 6, 575 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"77209_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00600","volume":"10","author":"L Saul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saul, L. et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 restrains CD4(+) T cell priming ability of CD11c(+) dendritic cells by upregulating expression of CD31. Front. Immunol. 10, 600 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"77209_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g6330","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6330","volume":"349","author":"S Afzal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afzal, S., Brondum-Jacobsen, P., Bojesen, S. E. & Nordestgaard, B. G. Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and increased mortality: Mendelian randomisation analysis in three large cohorts. BMJ 349, g6330 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"77209_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1903","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1903","volume":"348","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chowdhury, R. et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ 348, g1903 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"77209_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g3656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3656","volume":"348","author":"B Schottker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schottker, B. et al. Vitamin D and mortality: Meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States. BMJ 348, g3656 (2014).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"77209_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganmaa, D., Munkhzul B, Fawzi W, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Bayasgalan P, et al. High-dose vitamin D3 during tuberculosis treatment in Mongolia. A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 196(5), 628\u2013637 (2017).","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201705-0936OC"},{"issue":"9","key":"77209_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002907","volume":"16","author":"O Aibana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aibana, O. et al. Vitamin D status and risk of incident tuberculosis disease: A nested case-control study, systematic review, and individual-participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 16(9), e1002907 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0677-6","volume":"18","author":"HX Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, H. X. et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the outcomes of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm. Med. 18(1), 108 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"77209_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30306-5","volume":"5","author":"DA Jolliffe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jolliffe, D. A. et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent asthma exacerbations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir. Med. 5(11), 881\u2013890 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"issue":"23","key":"77209_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","volume":"296","author":"KL Munger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Munger, K. L., Levin, L. I., Hollis, B. W., Howard, N. S. & Ascherio, A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296(23), 2832\u20132838 (2006).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"77209_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1212\/NXG.0000000000000097","volume":"2","author":"B Rhead","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rhead, B. et al. Mendelian randomization shows a causal effect of low vitamin D on multiple sclerosis risk. Neurol. Genet. 2(5), e97 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurol. Genet."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","volume":"380","author":"JE Manson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manson, J. E. et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 380(1), 33\u201344 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"77209_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906","volume":"381","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pittas, A. G. et al. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 381(6), 520\u2013530 (2019).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"77209_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125997","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125997","volume":"10","author":"H Titmarsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Titmarsh, H. et al. Vitamin D status predicts 30 day mortality in hospitalised cats. PLoS ONE 10(5), e0125997 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"77209_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194062","volume":"13","author":"JA Jaffey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaffey, J. A., Backus, R. C., McDaniel, K. M. & DeClue, A. E. Serum vitamin D concentrations in hospitalized critically ill dogs. PLoS ONE 13(3), e0194062 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"77209_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titmarsh, H., Gow, A.G., Kilpatrick, S., Sinclair, J., Hill, T., Milne, E., et al. Association of vitamin D status and clinical outcome in dogs with a chronic enteropathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med. (2015).","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13603"},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1022-7","volume":"13","author":"K Allenspach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allenspach, K., Rizzo, J., Jergens, A. E. & Chang, Y. M. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with negative outcome in dogs with protein losing enteropathy: A retrospective study of 43 cases. BMC Vet. Res. 13(1), 96 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"77209_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137377","volume":"10","author":"HF Titmarsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Titmarsh, H. F. et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with systemic and gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs with a chronic enteropathy. PLoS ONE 10(9), e0137377 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"77209_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titmarsh, H.F., Cartwright, J.A., Kilpatrick, S., Gaylor, D., Milne, E.M., Berry, J.L., et al. Relationship between vitamin D status and leukocytes in hospitalised cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. (2016).","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15625454"},{"key":"77209_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18986","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18986","volume":"6","author":"I Handel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Handel, I. et al. Vitamin D status predicts reproductive fitness in a wild sheep population. Sci. Rep. 6, 18986 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37843-6","volume":"9","author":"P Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou, P. et al. Investigation of relationship between vitamin D status and reproductive fitness in Scottish hill sheep. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1162 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1309-8","volume":"13","author":"Y Corripio-Miyar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corripio-Miyar, Y., Mellanby, R. J., Morrison, K. & McNeilly, T. N. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the phenotype and function of Monocyte derived dendritic cells in cattle. BMC Vet. Res. 13(1), 390 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"77209_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.03.008","volume":"203","author":"Y Yue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Hymoller, L., Jensen, S. K., Lauridsen, C. & Purup, S. Effects of vitamin D and its metabolites on cell viability and Staphylococcus aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet. Microbiol. 203, 245\u2013251 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"77209_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.09.001","volume":"59","author":"A Garcia-Barragan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia-Barragan, A., Gutierrez-Pabello, J. A. & Alfonseca-Silva, E. Calcitriol increases nitric oxide production and modulates microbicidal capacity against Mycobacterium bovis in bovine macrophages. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59, 17\u201323 (2018).","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"77209_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.6.1204-1212.2001","volume":"8","author":"WR Waters","year":"2001","unstructured":"Waters, W. R. et al. Modulation of Mycobacterium bovis-specific responses of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8(6), 1204\u20131212 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"77209_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25479","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025479","volume":"6","author":"JD Lippolis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lippolis, J. D., Reinhardt, T. A., Sacco, R. A., Nonnecke, B. J. & Nelson, C. D. Treatment of an intramammary bacterial infection with 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). PLoS ONE 6(10), e25479 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"77209_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.02.006","volume":"173","author":"KE Merriman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merriman, K. E., Poindexter, M. B., Kweh, M. F., Santos, J. E. P. & Nelson, C. D. Intramammary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment increases expression of host-defense genes in mammary immune cells of lactating dairy cattle. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 173, 33\u201341 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"77209_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15241","volume":"102","author":"JR Stabel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stabel, J. R., Reinhardt, T. A. & Hempel, R. J. Short communication: Vitamin D status and responses in dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. J. Dairy Sci. 102(2), 1594\u20131600 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"77209_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-171","volume":"9","author":"BM de Clare Bronsvoort","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Clare Bronsvoort, B. M. et al. Design and descriptive epidemiology of the Infectious Diseases of East African Livestock (IDEAL) project, a longitudinal calf cohort study in western Kenya. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 171 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"77209_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, S.E., McLaren, W., Gil, L., Thormann, A., Schuilenburg, H., Sheppard, D., et al. Ensembl variation resources. Database (2018).","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bay119"},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02662-2","volume":"9","author":"X Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang, X. et al. Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Nat. Commun. 9(1), 260 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"77209_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manousaki, D., Mitchell, R., Dudding, T., Haworth, S., Harroud, A., Forgetta, V., et al. Genome-wide association study for vitamin D levels reveals 69 independent loci. Am. J. Hum. Genet. (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.01.017"},{"issue":"6","key":"77209_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13603","volume":"29","author":"H Titmarsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Titmarsh, H. et al. Association of vitamin D status and clinical outcome in dogs with a chronic enteropathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 29(6), 1473\u20131478 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010074","volume":"11","author":"T Aspelund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aspelund, T. et al. Effect of genetically low 25-hydroxyvitamin D on mortality risk: Mendelian randomization analysis in 3 large European cohorts. Nutrients. 11(1), 1 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1401-y","volume":"17","author":"T Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, T. et al. Vitamin D and cause-specific vascular disease and mortality: a Mendelian randomisation study involving 99,012 Chinese and 106,911 European adults. BMC Med. 17(1), 160 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"77209_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw207","volume":"45","author":"JS Ong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ong, J. S. et al. Association of vitamin D levels and risk of ovarian cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 45(5), 1619\u20131630 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"77209_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.008490","volume":"93","author":"D Reid","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reid, D. et al. The relation between acute changes in the systemic inflammatory response and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations after elective knee arthroplasty. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93(5), 1006\u20131011 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"77209_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-201301","volume":"66","author":"JL Waldron","year":"2013","unstructured":"Waldron, J. L. et al. Vitamin D: a negative acute phase reactant. J Clin Pathol. 66(7), 620\u2013622 (2013).","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol."},{"issue":"9","key":"77209_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8293","volume":"97","author":"BJ Nonnecke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nonnecke, B. J. et al. Acute phase response elicited by experimental bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is associated with decreased vitamin D and E status of vitamin-replete preruminant calves. J. Dairy Sci. 97(9), 5566\u20135579 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"77209_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0611","volume":"94","author":"CD Nelson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nelson, C. D. et al. Assessment of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of beef cows and calves across seasons and geographical locations. J. Anim. Sci. 94(9), 3958\u20133965 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"77209_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2012.02.002","volume":"23","author":"W Saliba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saliba, W., Barnett, O., Stein, N., Kershenbaum, A. & Rennert, G. The longitudinal variability of serum 25(OH)D levels. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 23(4), e106\u2013e111 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2643","volume":"98","author":"JM Major","year":"2013","unstructured":"Major, J. M. et al. Variability and reproducibility of circulating vitamin D in a nationwide U.S. population. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(1), 97\u2013104 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"77209_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq005","volume":"171","author":"R Jorde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jorde, R. et al. Tracking of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels during 14 years in a population-based study and during 12 months in an intervention study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 171(8), 903\u2013908 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"77209_CR51","first-page":"jc20151711","volume":"1","author":"RA McKibben","year":"2015","unstructured":"McKibben, R. A. et al. Factors associated with change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels over longitudinal followup in the ARIC study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1, jc20151711 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"77209_CR52","first-page":"1483","volume":"25","author":"NM van Schoor","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Schoor, N. M. et al. Longitudinal changes and seasonal variations in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in different age groups: Results of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Osteoporos. Int. 25(5), 1483\u20131491 (2014).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"77209_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.110","volume":"74","author":"X Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Longitudinal trajectory of vitamin D status from birth to early childhood in the development of food sensitization. Pediatr. Res. 74(3), 321\u2013326 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.017","volume":"133","author":"N Baiz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baiz, N. et al. Cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of early childhood transient wheezing and atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 133(1), 147\u2013153 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"77209_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173268","volume":"12","author":"SH Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai, S. H. et al. Low cord-serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with poor lung function performance and increased respiratory infection in infancy. PLoS ONE 12(3), e0173268 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"77209_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011485","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011485","volume":"8","author":"KA Sauder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sauder, K. A. et al. Cord blood vitamin D levels and early childhood blood pressure: The healthy start study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 8(9), e011485 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.146","volume":"35","author":"M Cetinkaya","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cetinkaya, M. et al. Lower vitamin D levels are associated with increased risk of early-onset neonatal sepsis in term infants. J. Perinatol. 35(1), 39\u201345 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"77209_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behera, C.K., Sahoo, J.P., Patra, S.D., Jena, P.K. Is lower vitamin D level associated with increased risk of neonatal sepsis? A prospective cohort study. Indian J. Pediatr. (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03188-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"77209_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33074","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033074","volume":"7","author":"RE Sacco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sacco, R. E. et al. Differential expression of cytokines in response to respiratory syncytial virus infection of calves with high or low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. PLoS ONE 7(3), e33074 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"77209_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2018.1448564","volume":"72","author":"Y Yue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Hymoller, L., Jensen, S. K. & Lauridsen, C. Effect of vitamin D treatments on plasma metabolism and immune parameters of healthy dairy cows. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 72(3), 205\u2013220 (2018).","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR61","first-page":"41","volume":"55","author":"M Hidiroglou","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hidiroglou, M., Williams, C. J. & Proulx, J. G. Plasma vitamin D3 response in cattle and sheep exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 55(1), 41\u201346 (1985).","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"77209_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2015.03.003","volume":"52","author":"E Casas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casas, E., Lippolis, J. D., Kuehn, L. A. & Reinhardt, T. A. Seasonal variation in vitamin D status of beef cattle reared in the central United States. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 52, 71\u201374 (2015).","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"77209_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12540","volume":"101","author":"L Hymoller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hymoller, L., Jensen, S. K., Kaas, P. & Jakobsen, J. Physiological limit of the daily endogenous cholecalciferol synthesis from UV light in cattle. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl). 101(2), 215\u2013221 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)."},{"issue":"4","key":"77209_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212092","volume":"74","author":"DA Jolliffe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jolliffe, D. A. et al. Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax 74(4), 337\u2013345 (2019).","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"77209_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","volume":"356","author":"AR Martineau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martineau, A. R. et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 356, i6583 (2017).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"77209_CR66","unstructured":"Nicholson, M., Butterworth, M.H. A guide to condition scoring of zebu cattle: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD) (1986)."},{"key":"77209_CR67","unstructured":"Callaby, R., Pendarovski, C., Thumbi, S.M., Van Wyk, I., Mbole-Kariuki, M.N., Kiara, H., et al. The infectious diseases of East African livestock (IDEAL) project database. Nat. Sci. Data (submitted)."},{"key":"77209_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst, E.A., Homer, N.Z., Gow, A.G., Clements, D.N., Evans, H., Gaylor, D., et al. Vitamin D status is seasonally stable in northern European dogs. Vet. Clin. Pathol. (2020).","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12859"},{"key":"77209_CR69","unstructured":"Purcell, S., Chang, C. PLINK 2.0."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8","volume":"4","author":"CC Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C. C. et al. Second-generation PLINK: Rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience. 4(1), 1 (2015).","journal-title":"GigaScience."},{"key":"77209_CR71","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2019)."},{"key":"77209_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (Springer, New York, 2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"77209_CR73","volume-title":"An R companion to applied regression","author":"J Fox","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. An R companion to applied regression (Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2019)."},{"issue":"1","key":"77209_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x","volume":"1","author":"AF Zuur","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N. & Elphick, C. S. A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1(1), 3\u201314 (2010).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"77209_CR75","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K. MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.43.15 (2019)."},{"key":"77209_CR76","unstructured":"Gilmour, A., Gogel, B., Cullis, B., Thompson, R., Butler, D., Cherry, M., et al. ASReml user guide release 3.0. (VSN Int Ltd, 2008)."},{"issue":"24","key":"77209_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606","volume":"28","author":"X Zheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zheng, X. et al. A high-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data. Bioinformatics 28(24), 3326\u20133328 (2012).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"77209_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/167.4.1529","volume":"167","author":"WG Hill","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hill, W. G. & Mackay, T. F. DS Falconer and introduction to quantitative genetics. Genetics 167(4), 1529\u20131536 (2004).","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"77209_CR79","unstructured":"Chen H. GMMAT: Generalized linear Mixed Model Association Tests Version 1.1. 2. (2019)."},{"key":"77209_CR80","unstructured":"Turner S. qqman: Q-Q and Manhattan Plots for GWAS Data. (2017)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77209-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77209-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77209-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:02:51Z","timestamp":1670371371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77209-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["77209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77209-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20590"}}