{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:45:47Z","timestamp":1790667947273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["303733\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303733\/2017-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary concern for HIV-infected pregnant women is the vertical transmission that can occur during pregnancy, in the intrauterine period, during labour or even breastfeeding. The risk of vertical transmission can be reduced by early diagnosis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods to detect this virus in a quick and low-cost fashion, as colorimetric assays for HIV detection tend to be laborious and costly. Herein, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis was employed to distinguish HIV-infected patients from healthy uninfected controls in a total of 120 blood plasma samples. The best sensitivity (83%) and specificity (92%) values were obtained using the genetic algorithm with linear discriminant analysis (GA-LDA). These good classification results in addition to the potential for high analytical frequency, the low cost and reagent-free nature of this method demonstrate its potential as an alternative tool for HIV screening during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77378-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T11:03:51Z","timestamp":1605783831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in blood plasma combined with multivariate analysis to detect HIV infection in pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lidiane G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana F. S.","family":"P\u00e9res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L. D.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo L. M.","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis L.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janaina C. O.","family":"Crispim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassio M. G.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"77378_CR1","unstructured":"BRASIL. Aids\/HIV: o que \u00e9, causas, sintomas, diagn\u00f3stico, tratamento e preven\u00e7\u00e3o. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 2017. Accessed 08 April 2020. https:\/\/www.saude.gov.br\/saude-de-a-z\/aids-hiv."},{"key":"77378_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr_00000176","volume":"2","author":"MK Bahmani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bahmani, M. K. et al. Spectroscopic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected plasma by principal component analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogy of visible and near-infrared spectra. Mol. Med. Rep. 2, 805\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr_00000176 (2009).","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"77378_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.15448\/1983-652X.2017.1.22695","volume":"10","author":"SS de Lima","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Lima, S. S. et al. HIV na gesta\u00e7\u00e3o: pr\u00e9-natal, parto e puerp\u00e9rio. Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade 10, 56\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15448\/1983-652X.2017.1.22695 (2017).","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"77378_CR4","unstructured":"UNAIDS Brasil. Programa Conjunto das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas sobre HIV\/AIDS. Accessed 08 April 2020. https:\/\/unaids.org.br\/prevencao-combinada."},{"key":"77378_CR5","unstructured":"BRASIL. Boletim epidemiol\u00f3gico HIV\/Aids 2018. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 2018. Accessed 08 April 2020. https:\/\/www.aids.gov.br\/pt-br\/pub\/2018\/boletim-epidemiologico-hivaids-2018."},{"key":"77378_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283536988","volume":"26","author":"J Estill","year":"2012","unstructured":"Estill, J. et al. Viral load monitoring of antiretroviral therapy, cohort viral load and HIV transmission in Southern Africa: a mathematical modelling analysis. AIDS 26, 1403\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283536988 (2012).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"77378_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0000000000000640","volume":"29","author":"G Marks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marks, G. et al. Time above 1500 copies: a viral load measure for assessing transmission risk of HIV-positive patients in care. AIDS 29, 947\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0000000000000640 (2015).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"77378_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2013.0157","volume":"18","author":"L Sitole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sitole, L., Steffens, F., Kr\u00fcger, T. P. & Meyer, D. Mid-ATR-FTIR spectroscopic profiling of HIV\/AIDS sera for novel systems diagnostics in global health. OMICS 18, 513\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/omi.2013.0157 (2014).","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"key":"77378_CR9","volume-title":"Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis","author":"DI Ellis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ellis, D. I., Harrigan, G. G. & Goodacre, R. Metabolic Fingerprinting with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In Metabolic Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis (eds Harrigan, G. G. & Goodacre, R.) (Springer, Boston, 2003)."},{"key":"77378_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/05704920701829043","volume":"43","author":"Z Movasaghi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Movasaghi, Z., Rehman, S. & ur Rehman, I. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of biological tissues. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 43, 134\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/05704920701829043 (2008).","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"77378_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.06.004","volume":"1767","author":"A Barth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barth, A. Infrared spectroscopy of proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg. 1767, 1073\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbabio.2007.06.004 (2007).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"77378_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490666","volume":"11","author":"RW Kennard","year":"1969","unstructured":"Kennard, R. W. & Stone, L. A. Computer aided design of experiments. Technometrics 11, 137\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00401706.1969.10490666 (1969).","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"77378_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15035","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.35","volume":"1","author":"SG Deeks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deeks, S. G., Overbaugh, J., Phillips, A. & Buchbinder, S. HIV infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 1, 15035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2015.35 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"77378_CR14","volume-title":"Virologia Humana","author":"NSO Santos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Santos, N. S. O., Romanos, M. T. V. & Wigg, M. D. Virologia Humana 3rd edn. (Guanabara Koogan Ltda, Rio de Janeiro, 2015).","edition":"3"},{"key":"77378_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Accessed 08 April 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/topics\/mtct\/about\/en\/."},{"key":"77378_CR16","unstructured":"BRASIL. Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para profilaxia da transmiss\u00e3o vertical do HIV e terapia antirretroviral em gestantes. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 2010. Accessed 08 April 2020. https:\/\/www.aids.gov.br\/pt-br\/pub\/2010\/recomendacoes-para-profilaxia-da-transmissao-vertical-do-hiv-e-terapia-antirretroviral-em."},{"key":"77378_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00053-16","volume":"23","author":"TS Alexander","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander, T. S. Human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic testing: 30 years of evolution. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 23, 249\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00053-16 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"77378_CR18","unstructured":"BRASIL. Manual t\u00e9cnico para o diagn\u00f3stico da infec\u00e7\u00e3o pelo HIV. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, 2013. Accessed 08 April 2020. https:\/\/bvsms.saude.gov.br\/bvs\/publicacoes\/manual_tecnico_diagnostico_infeccao_hiv.pdf."},{"key":"77378_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.09.015","volume":"97","author":"MCD Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos, M. C. D., Morais, C. L. M., Nascimento, Y. M., Araujo, J. M. G. & Lima, K. M. G. Spectroscopy with computational analysis in virological studies: a decade (2006\u20132016). Trends Analyt. Chem. 97, 244\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2017.09.015 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Analyt. Chem."},{"key":"77378_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25640","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA03361C","volume":"7","author":"MCD Santos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos, M. C. D., Nascimento, Y. M., Ara\u00fajo, J. M. G. & Lima, K. M. G. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis techniques for the identification of DENV-3 in different concentrations in blood and serum: a new approach. RSC Adv. 7, 25640\u201325649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7RA03361C (2017).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"77378_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02784B","volume":"10","author":"MCD Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos, M. C. D. et al. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with chemometric algorithms of multivariate classification in the discrimination between healthy vs. dengue vs. chikungunya vs. zika clinical samples. Anal. Methods 10, 1280\u20131285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7AY02784B (2018).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"77378_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0150-x","volume":"14","author":"CLM Morais","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morais, C. L. M. et al. Standardization of complex biologically derived spectrochemical datasets. Nat. Protoc. 14, 1546\u20131577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-019-0150-x (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"77378_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68781-x","volume":"10","author":"JOS Passos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Passos, J. O. S. et al. Spectrochemical analysis in blood plasma combined with subsequent chemometrics for fibromyalgia detection. Sci. Rep. 10, 11769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-68781-x (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"77378_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AY41907J","volume":"6","author":"R Bro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bro, R. & Smilde, A. K. Principal component analysis. Anal. Methods 6, 2812\u20132831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C3AY41907J (2014).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"77378_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20170159","volume":"29","author":"CLM Morais","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morais, C. L. M. & Lima, K. M. G. Principal Component Analysis with Linear and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis for Identification of Cancer Samples Based on Mass Spectrometry. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 29, 472\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21577\/0103-5053.20170159 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"77378_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2964","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY00428A","volume":"9","author":"CLM Morais","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morais, C. L. M., Costa, F. S. L. & Lima, K. M. G. Variable selection with a support vector machine for discriminating Cryptococcus fungal species based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Anal. Methods 9, 2964\u20132970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C7AY00428A (2017).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"77378_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2012.09.006","volume":"42","author":"SFC Soares","year":"2013","unstructured":"Soares, S. F. C., Gomes, A. A., Araujo, M. C. U., Galv\u00e3o Filho, A. R. & Galv\u00e3o, R. K. H. The successive projections algorithm. Trends Analyt. Chem. 42, 84\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2012.09.006 (2013).","journal-title":"Trends Analyt. Chem."},{"key":"77378_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2004.07.034","volume":"184","author":"J McCall","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCall, J. Genetic algorithms for modelling and optimisation. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 184, 205\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cam.2004.07.034 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"77378_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2017.01.021","volume":"162","author":"LFS Siqueira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siqueira, L. F. S., Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior, R. F., de Ara\u00fajo, A. A., Morais, C. L. M. & Lima, K. M. G. LDA vs. QDA for FT-MIR prostate cancer tissue classification. Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 162, 123\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemolab.2017.01.021 (2017).","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"77378_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2008.07.010","volume":"95","author":"SJ Dixon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dixon, S. J. & Brereton, R. G. Comparison of performance of five common classifiers represented as boundary methods: euclidean distance to centroids, linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, learning vector quantization and support vector machines, as dependent on data structure. Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 95, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemolab.2008.07.010 (2009).","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst."},{"key":"77378_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cortes, C. & Vapnik, V. Support-vector networks. Mach. Learn. 20, 273\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022627411411 (1995).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"77378_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0322-8","volume":"15","author":"CLM Morais","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morais, C. L. M., Lima, K. M. G., Singh, M. & Martin, F. L. Tutorial: multivariate classification for vibrational spectroscopy in biological samples. Nat. Protoc. 15, 2143\u20132162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-020-0322-8 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"77378_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemolab.2017.09.001","volume":"170","author":"CLM Morais","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morais, C. L. M. & Lima, K. M. G. Comparing unfolded and two-dimensional discriminant analysis and support vector machines for classification of EEM data. Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 170, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemolab.2017.09.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77378-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77378-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77378-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T23:20:49Z","timestamp":1670368849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77378-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["77378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77378-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"FLM is a shareholder and holds a research position in Biocel UK Ltd, a company that seeks to develop data analytic tools as a service for commercial gain.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20156"}}