{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T08:59:52Z","timestamp":1793177992809,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M009351\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M009351\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00011\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00011\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Senior Investigator","award":["NF-0616-10102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NF-0616-10102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We characterised changes in reproductive hormones\u2014LH, FSH, SHBG and AMH\u2014by chronological age and time around the menopause (reproductive age) in mid-life women and explored their associations with lifestyle and reproductive factors. We used data from 1608 women from a UK cohort who had repeat hormone measures and experienced a natural menopause. Multilevel models were used to assess: (i) changes in hormones (outcomes) by reproductive age and chronological age (these age variables being the key exposures) and (ii) associations of body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, parity and age at menarche with changes in hormones by reproductive age. Both LH and FSH increased until\u2009~\u20095 and 7\u00a0years postmenopause, respectively, after which they declined, but not to premenopausal levels. SHBG decreased slightly until\u2009~\u20094\u00a0years postmenopause and increased thereafter. AMH decreased markedly before menopause and remained low subsequently. For all hormones, the best fitting models included both reproductive and chronological age. BMI, smoking and parity were associated with hormone changes; e.g., higher BMI was associated with slower increase in LH and FSH and decrease in AMH. Reproductive and chronological age contribute to changes in LH, FSH, SHBG and AMH across mid-life in women, and BMI, smoking and parity are associated with these hormone changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77871-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T11:03:23Z","timestamp":1607079803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Longitudinal changes in reproductive hormones through the menopause transition in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Goncalves","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Kilpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7741-9470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul I.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1010-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Tilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6793-2262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Lawlor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"77871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2653","volume":"73","author":"MK Georgakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Georgakis, M. K. et al. Association of age at menopause and duration of reproductive period with depression after menopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 73, 139\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2653 (2016).","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"77871_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4346-8","author":"T Muka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muka, T. et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study. Diabetologia https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4346-8 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"77871_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.08.003","volume":"65","author":"LT Shuster","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shuster, L. T., Rhodes, D. J., Gostout, B. S., Grossardt, B. R. & Rocca, W. A. Premature menopause or early menopause: Long-term health consequences. Maturitas 65, 161\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.08.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"77871_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2011.05.002","volume":"38","author":"EB Gold","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gold, E. B. The timing of the age at which natural menopause occurs. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am. 38, 425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2011.05.002 (2011).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"77871_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmm022","volume":"13","author":"L Dennerstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dennerstein, L., Lehert, P., Burger, H. G. & Guthrie, J. R. New findings from non-linear longitudinal modelling of menopausal hormone changes. Hum. Reprod. Update 13, 551\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmm022 (2007).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"77871_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2546","volume":"100","author":"B Fenske","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fenske, B. et al. Endogenous androgens and sex hormone-binding globulin in women and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 4595\u20134603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2546 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0473","volume":"66","author":"T Muka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muka, T. et al. Associations of steroid sex hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin with the risk of type 2 diabetes in women: A population-based cohort study and meta-analysis. Diabetes 66, 577\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-0473 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"77871_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0482","volume":"93","author":"MR Sowers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sowers, M. R. et al. Follicle stimulating hormone and its rate of change in defining menopause transition stages. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 93, 3958\u20133964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-0482 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1746","volume":"96","author":"JF Randolph","year":"2011","unstructured":"Randolph, J. F. et al. Change in follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol across the menopausal transition: Effect of age at the final menstrual period. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 96, 746\u2013754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-1746 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.11.6158","volume":"84","author":"HG Burger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Burger, H. G. et al. Prospectively measured levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and the dimeric inhibins during the menopausal transition in a population-based cohort of women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 4025\u20134030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.84.11.6158 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.8.6740","volume":"85","author":"HG Burger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Burger, H. G., Dudley, E. C., Cui, J., Dennerstein, L. & Hopper, J. L. A prospective longitudinal study of serum testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex hormone-binding globulin levels through the menopause transition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 2832\u20132838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.8.6740 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR12","first-page":"642","volume":"78","author":"I Overlie","year":"1999","unstructured":"Overlie, I., Moen, M. H., Morkrid, L., Skjaeraasen, J. S. & Holte, A. The endocrine transition around menopause\u2014A five years prospective study with profiles of gonadotropines, estrogens, androgens and SHBG among healthy women. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 78, 642\u2013647 (1999).","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"77871_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(94)00869-9","volume":"21","author":"G Rannevik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rannevik, G. et al. A longitudinal study of the perimenopausal transition: Altered profiles of steroid and pituitary hormones, SHBG and bone mineral density. Maturitas 21, 103\u2013113 (1995).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"77871_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-199603020-00004","volume":"3","author":"C Longcope","year":"1996","unstructured":"Longcope, C., Crawford, S. & McKinlay, S. Endogenous estrogens: Relationships between estrone, estradiol, non-protein bound estradiol, and hot flashes and lipids. Menopause J. N. Am. Menopause Soc. 3, 77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00042192-199603020-00004 (1996).","journal-title":"Menopause J. N. Am. Menopause Soc."},{"key":"77871_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0699-y","volume":"14","author":"AC de Kat","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Kat, A. C. et al. Back to the basics of ovarian aging: A population-based study on longitudinal anti-Mullerian hormone decline. BMC Med. 14, 151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-016-0699-y (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"77871_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000642","volume":"23","author":"MR Gohari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gohari, M. R., Ramezani Tehrani, F., Chenouri, S., Solaymani-Dodaran, M. & Azizi, F. Individualized predictions of time to menopause using multiple measurements of antimullerian hormone. Menopause 23, 839\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GME.0000000000000642 (2016).","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"77871_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2015.1036853","volume":"18","author":"B Aydogan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aydogan, B. & Mirkin, S. The utility of measuring anti-Mullerian hormone in predicting menopause. Climacteric 18, 777\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13697137.2015.1036853 (2015).","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"77871_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.015","volume":"101","author":"ME Bleil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bleil, M. E. et al. Race\/ethnic disparities in reproductive age: An examination of ovarian reserve estimates across four race\/ethnic groups of healthy, regularly cycling women. Fertil. Steril. 101, 199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.015 (2014).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"77871_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3995","volume":"98","author":"M Dolleman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dolleman, M. et al. Reproductive and lifestyle determinants of anti-Mullerian hormone in a large population-based study. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 98, 2106\u20132115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-3995 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.02.105","volume":"107","author":"S Jung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jung, S. et al. Demographic, lifestyle, and other factors in relation to antimullerian hormone levels in mostly late premenopausal women. Fertil. Steril. 107, 1012-1022.e1012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.02.105 (2017).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"77871_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345608","volume":"31","author":"M Maggio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maggio, M. et al. Sex hormone binding globulin levels across the adult lifespan in women\u2014The role of body mass index and fasting insulin. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 31, 597\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03345608 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"77871_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.912262","volume":"17","author":"FR Tehrani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tehrani, F. R., Mansournia, M. A., Solaymani-Dodaran, M. & Azizi, F. Age-specific serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels: Estimates from a large population-based sample. Climacteric 17, 591\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13697137.2014.912262 (2014).","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"77871_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S140487","volume":"13","author":"M Szkup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Szkup, M. et al. Influence of cigarette smoking on hormone and lipid metabolism in women in late reproductive stage. Clin. Interv. Aging 13, 109\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S140487 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"77871_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(97)00551-7","volume":"69","author":"K Bohlke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bohlke, K., Cramer, D. W. & Barbieri, R. L. Relation of luteinizing hormone levels to body mass index in premenopausal women. Fertil. Steril. 69, 500\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(97)00551-7 (1998).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"77871_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181cec85d","volume":"17","author":"EW Freeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H. & Gracia, C. R. Obesity and reproductive hormone levels in the transition to menopause. Menopause 17, 718\u2013726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181cec85d (2010).","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"77871_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031183","volume":"89","author":"JF Randolph","year":"2004","unstructured":"Randolph, J. F. et al. Change in estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone across the early menopausal transition: Effects of ethnicity and age. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 89, 1555\u20131561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-031183 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05523.x","volume":"1204","author":"MR Sowers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sowers, M. R. et al. Relating smoking, obesity, insulin resistance, and ovarian biomarker changes to the final menstrual period. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1204, 95\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05523.x (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"77871_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1422","volume":"97","author":"PG Tepper","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tepper, P. G. et al. Trajectory clustering of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menopausal transition among women in the study of women\u2019s health across the nation (SWAN). J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 97, 2872\u20132880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-1422 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","volume":"42","author":"A Fraser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraser, A. et al. Cohort profile: The avon longitudinal study of parents and children: ALSPAC mothers cohort. Int. J. Epidemiol. 42, 97\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys066 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"77871_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","volume":"42","author":"A Boyd","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boyd, A. et al. Cohort profile: The \u2019children of the 90s\u2019\u2013the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Int. J. Epidemiol. 42, 111\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys064 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"77871_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1008-8","volume":"16","author":"Q Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Metabolic characterization of menopause: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence. BMC Med. 16, 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-018-1008-8 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"77871_CR32","first-page":"1143","volume":"52","author":"D Gessner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gessner, D. & Jung, R. First fully automated immunoassay for anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 52, 1143\u20131152 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"77871_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824d8f40","volume":"19","author":"SD Harlow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harlow, S. D. et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop+10: Addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Menopause J. N. Am. Menopause Soc. 19, 387\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gme.0b013e31824d8f40 (2012).","journal-title":"Menopause J. N. Am. Menopause Soc."},{"key":"77871_CR34","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"G Leckie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leckie, G. & Charlton, C. runmlwin: A program to run the MLwiN multilevel modeling software from within stata. J. Stat. Softw. 52, 1\u201340 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"77871_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1348\/000711009X431509","volume":"63","author":"J Long","year":"2010","unstructured":"Long, J. & Ryoo, J. Using fractional polynomials to model non-linear trends in longitudinal data. Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 63, 177\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000711009X431509 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol."},{"key":"77871_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i04","volume":"45","author":"P Royston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Royston, P. & White, I. R. Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): Implementation in stata. J. Stat. Softw. 45, 1\u201320 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"77871_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000227859.50473.20","volume":"14","author":"RJ Ferrell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferrell, R. J. et al. Monitoring reproductive aging in a 5-year prospective study: Aggregate and individual changes in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with age. Menopause 14, 29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.gme.0000227859.50473.20 (2007).","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"77871_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315607044","volume":"23","author":"SR El Khoudary","year":"2016","unstructured":"El Khoudary, S. R. et al. Trajectories of estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone over the menopause transition and early markers of atherosclerosis after menopause. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 23, 694\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2047487315607044 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"77871_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.24.2991","volume":"292","author":"G Weiss","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weiss, G., Skurnick, J. H., Goldsmith, L. T., Santoro, N. F. & Park, S. J. Menopause and hypothalamic-pituitary sensitivity to estrogen. JAMA 292, 2991\u20132996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.292.24.2991 (2004).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"77871_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130400012163","volume":"7","author":"JR Guthrie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guthrie, J. R., Dennerstein, L., Taffe, J. R., Lehert, P. & Burger, H. G. The menopausal transition: A 9-year prospective population-based study. The Melbourne Women\u2019s Midlife Health Project. Climacteric 7, 375\u2013389 (2004).","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"77871_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0212","volume":"90","author":"SL Davison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davison, S. L., Bell, R., Donath, S., Montalto, J. G. & Davis, S. R. Androgen levels in adult females: Changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 3847\u20133853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2005-0212 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"77871_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.207217","volume":"60","author":"A Goto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goto, A. et al. Age, body mass, usage of exogenous estrogen, and lifestyle factors in relation to circulating sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in postmenopausal women. Clin. Chem. 60, 174\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1373\/clinchem.2013.207217 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"736\u2013741","key":"77871_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.08.022","volume":"95","author":"SM Nelson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nelson, S. M., Messow, M. C., Wallace, A. M., Fleming, R. & McConnachie, A. Nomogram for the decline in serum antimullerian hormone: A population study of 9,601 infertility patients. Fertil. Steril. 95(736\u2013741), e731-733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.08.022 (2011).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"77871_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.001","volume":"102","author":"V Pernenkil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pernenkil, V., Wyatt, T. & Akinyemiju, T. Trends in smoking and obesity among US adults before, during, and after the great recession and Affordable Care Act roll-out. Prev. Med. 102, 86\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.07.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"77871_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0367-y","volume":"33","author":"D Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, D. et al. Body mass index and age at natural menopause: An international pooled analysis of 11 prospective studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 33, 699\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-018-0367-y (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"77871_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002704","volume":"15","author":"D Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, D. et al. Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies. PLOS Med. 15, e1002704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002704 (2018).","journal-title":"PLOS Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77871-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77871-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77871-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:25:37Z","timestamp":1670372737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-77871-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["77871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77871-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"DAL has received support from several national and international government and charity research funders and Medtronic Ltd for work unrelated to that presented here. SMN has received speaker\u2019s fees and participated in medical advisory boards for Roche. Roche Diagnostics International provided study reagents free of charge but played no role in analysis of samples, data, or interpretation of results. PW and NS have received grant funding from Roche Diagnostics for an unrelated project. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21258"}}