{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T03:57:00Z","timestamp":1794455820259,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fixed orthodontic appliances are common and effective tools to treat malocclusion. Adverse effects of these appliances, such as dental caries and periodontitis, may be associated with alteration of the microbiome. This study investigated the impact of these appliances on the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Seventy-one patients were selected. Supragingival plaque samples were collected before placement (T0) and six months after placement (T1). Saliva samples were collected at T0 and T1, and then when appliance removal (T2). Microbial DNA was analyzed by 16S rRNA meta-sequencing. The diversity analysis indicated dynamic changes in the structure of the oral microbiome. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria (formally TM7) and decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria over time, in both plaque and saliva. Genus level analysis of relative abundance indicated a significant increase in anaerobic and facultative anaerobes in both plaque and saliva. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced measurable changes in the oral microbiome. This was characterized by an increase in relative abundance of obligate anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. It can be concluded that this dysbiosis induced by fixed orthodontic appliances is likely to represent a transitional stage in the shift in microbiome from healthy to periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78971-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T11:04:54Z","timestamp":1608030294000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Isamu","family":"Kado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junzo","family":"Hisatsune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiko","family":"Tsuruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Tanimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoyuki","family":"Sugai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"78971_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","volume":"221","author":"M Kilian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kilian, M. et al. The oral microbiome\u2014An update for oral healthcare professionals. Br. Dent. J. 221, 657\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865 (2016).","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"78971_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","volume":"486","author":"Human Microbiome Project C","year":"2012","unstructured":"Human Microbiome Project C. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486, 207\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11234 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"78971_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23889","volume":"550","author":"J Lloyd-Price","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lloyd-Price, J. et al. Strains, functions and dynamics in the expanded human microbiome project. Nature 550, 61\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23889 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"78971_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1983.tb01295.x","volume":"10","author":"NP Lang","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lang, N. P., Kiel, R. A. & Anderhalden, K. Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival restorations with overhanging or clinically perfect margins. J. Clin. Periodontol. 10, 563\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051x.1983.tb01295.x (1983).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"78971_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(05)80054-x","volume":"97","author":"MC Huser","year":"1990","unstructured":"Huser, M. C., Baehni, P. C. & Lang, R. Effects of orthodontic bands on microbiologic and clinical parameters. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop. 97, 213\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-5406(05)80054-x (1990).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial. Orthop."},{"key":"78971_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00472.x","volume":"31","author":"M Paolantonio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paolantonio, M. et al. Clinical and microbiological effects of different restorative materials on the periodontal tissues adjacent to subgingival class V restorations. J. Clin. Periodontol. 31, 200\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00472.x (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"78971_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-5406(96)70130-0","volume":"109","author":"EK Basdra","year":"1996","unstructured":"Basdra, E. K., Huber, H. & Komposch, G. Fluoride released from orthodontic bonding agents alters the enamel surface and inhibits enamel demineralization in vitro. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 109, 466\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0889-5406(96)70130-0 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"78971_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345830620120601","volume":"62","author":"JA Mattingly","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mattingly, J. A., Sauer, G. J., Yancey, J. M. & Arnold, R. R. Enhancement of Streptococcus mutans colonization by direct bonded orthodontic appliances. J. Dent. Res. 62, 1209\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345830620120601 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"78971_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70046-y","volume":"100","author":"RG Rosenbloom","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rosenbloom, R. G. & Tinanoff, N. Salivary Streptococcus mutans levels in patients before, during, and after orthodontic treatment. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 100, 35\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0889-5406(91)70046-y (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"78971_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.01.010","volume":"154","author":"S Alp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alp, S. & Baka, Z. M. Effects of probiotics on salivary Streptecoccus mutans and Lactobacillus levels in orthodontic patients. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 154, 517\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2018.01.010 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"78971_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228798","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228798","volume":"15","author":"S Mummolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mummolo, S. et al. Salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli and other salivary indices in patients wearing clear aligners versus fixed orthodontic appliances: An observational study. PLoS ONE 15, e0228798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0228798 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"78971_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2002)072<0338:Mpomac>2.0.Co;2","volume":"72","author":"P Anhoury","year":"2002","unstructured":"Anhoury, P. et al. Microbial profile on metallic and ceramic bracket materials. Angle Orthod. 72, 338\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(2002)072%3c0338:Mpomac%3e2.0.Co;2 (2002).","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"78971_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2319\/030311-156.1","volume":"82","author":"SH Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim, S. H. et al. Microbiologic changes in subgingival plaque before and during the early period of orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 82, 254\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/030311-156.1 (2012).","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"78971_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12031","volume":"17","author":"E Ghijselings","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghijselings, E. et al. Long-term changes in microbiology and clinical periodontal variables after completion of fixed orthodontic appliances. Orthod. Craniofac Res. 17, 49\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12031 (2014).","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"78971_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3129","volume":"13","author":"J Kuczynski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuczynski, J. et al. Experimental and analytical tools for studying the human microbiome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 13, 47\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg3129 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"78971_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137318","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137318","volume":"10","author":"JE Koopman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koopman, J. E. et al. The effect of fixed orthodontic appliances and fluoride mouthwash on the oral microbiome of adolescents\u2014A randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS ONE 10, e0137318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0137318 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"78971_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/9.2.117","volume":"9","author":"F Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m, F. & Krasse, B. Caries incidence in orthodontic patients with high levels of Streptococcus mutans. Eur. J. Orthod. 9, 117\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/9.2.117 (1987).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"78971_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00083.x","volume":"17","author":"C Jordan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jordan, C. & LeBlanc, D. J. Influences of orthodontic appliances on oral populations of mutans streptococci. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 17, 65\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00083.x (2002).","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"275","key":"78971_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.10.022","volume":"130","author":"AA Naranjo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naranjo, A. A., Trivino, M. L., Jaramillo, A., Betancourth, M. & Botero, J. E. Changes in the subgingival microbiota and periodontal parameters before and 3 months after bracket placement. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop. 130(275), e217-222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.10.022 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"78971_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2007.00396.x","volume":"10","author":"M Ristic","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ristic, M., Vlahovic Svabic, M., Sasic, M. & Zelic, O. Clinical and microbiological effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on periodontal tissues in adolescents. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 10, 187\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-6343.2007.00396.x (2007).","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"78971_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_551_18","volume":"23","author":"N Goyal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goyal, N. et al. Effects of amine fluoride and probiotic mouthwash on levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis in orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial. J. Indian Soc. Periodontol. 23, 339\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_551_18 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Periodontol."},{"key":"78971_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519831671","volume":"98","author":"B Bor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bor, B., Bedree, J. K., Shi, W., McLean, J. S. & He, X. Saccharibacteria (TM7) in the human oral microbiome. J. Dent. Res. 98, 500\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034519831671 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"78971_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-4-22","volume":"4","author":"W Crielaard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crielaard, W. et al. Exploring the oral microbiota of children at various developmental stages of their dentition in the relation to their oral health. BMC Med. Genom. 4, 22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1755-8794-4-22 (2011).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Genom."},{"key":"78971_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.23","volume":"8","author":"AE Duran-Pinedo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duran-Pinedo, A. E. et al. Community-wide transcriptome of the oral microbiome in subjects with and without periodontitis. ISME J. 8, 1659\u20131672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2014.23 (2014).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"78971_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1651-5","volume":"31","author":"MA Nadkarni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nadkarni, M. A. et al. Pattern of distribution of Prevotella species\/phylotypes associated with healthy gingiva and periodontal disease. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31, 2989\u20132999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-012-1651-5 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"78971_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512455031","volume":"91","author":"AC Tanner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tanner, A. C. et al. White-spot lesions and gingivitis microbiotas in orthodontic patients. J. Dent. Res. 91, 853\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034512455031 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"38","key":"78971_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x","volume":"2000","author":"SC Holt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holt, S. C. & Ebersole, J. L. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: The \u201cred complex\u201d, a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontology 2000(38), 72\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x (2005).","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"78971_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2319\/111808-593r.1","volume":"79","author":"DS Choi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Choi, D. S. et al. Microbiologic changes in subgingival plaque after removal of fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod. 79, 1149\u20131155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/111808-593r.1 (2009).","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"78971_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0378-1","volume":"17","author":"R Guo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo, R., Lin, Y., Zheng, Y. & Li, W. The microbial changes in subgingival plaques of orthodontic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. BMC Oral Health 17, 90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-017-0378-1 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"78971_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.27.3.756-766.1980","volume":"27","author":"PA Kapke","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kapke, P. A., Brown, A. T. & Lillich, T. T. Carbon dioxide metabolism by Capnocytophaga ochracea: Identification, characterization, and regulation of a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Infect. Immun. 27, 756\u2013766 (1980).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"78971_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2003.01627.x","volume":"38","author":"H Ihara","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ihara, H. et al. Detection of Campylobacter rectus in periodontitis sites by monoclonal antibodies. J. Periodontal Res. 38, 64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0765.2003.01627.x (2003).","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"78971_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308200503","volume":"82","author":"PS Kumar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kumar, P. S. et al. New bacterial species associated with chronic periodontitis. J. Dent. Res. 82, 338\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910308200503 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"78971_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01485.x","volume":"47","author":"LF Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, L. F. et al. Levels of Selenomonas species in generalized aggressive periodontitis. J. Periodontal Res. 47, 711\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01485.x (2012).","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"78971_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58487","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058487","volume":"8","author":"SN Peterson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Peterson, S. N. et al. The dental plaque microbiome in health and disease. PLoS ONE 8, e58487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058487 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"78971_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","volume":"28","author":"NO Kaakoush","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaakoush, N. O., Castano-Rodriguez, N., Mitchell, H. M. & Man, S. M. Global epidemiology of campylobacter infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28, 687\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00006-15 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"78971_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476068","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/476068","volume":"2014","author":"J Mysak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mysak, J. et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis: Major periodontopathic pathogen overview. J. Immunol. Res. 2014, 476068. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/476068 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"78971_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12237","volume":"21","author":"SN Papageorgiou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, S. N., Xavier, G. M., Cobourne, M. T. & Eliades, T. Effect of orthodontic treatment on the subgingival microbiota: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 21, 175\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ocr.12237 (2018).","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"78971_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171550","volume":"12","author":"S Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan, S. et al. Profiling of subgingival plaque biofilm microbiota in adolescents after completion of orthodontic therapy. PLoS ONE 12, e0171550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0171550 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"78971_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476645","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2018.1476645","volume":"10","author":"A Lucchese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lucchese, A., Bondemark, L., Marcolina, M. & Manuelli, M. Changes in oral microbiota due to orthodontic appliances: A systematic review. J. Oral Microbiol. 10, 1476645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20002297.2018.1476645 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"78971_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0127077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127077","volume":"10","author":"BY Hong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hong, B. Y. et al. Microbiome profiles in periodontitis in relation to host and disease characteristics. PLoS ONE 10, e0127077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0127077 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"78971_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.2016.12221035","volume":"44","author":"PI Diaz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diaz, P. I., Hoare, A. & Hong, B. Y. Subgingival microbiome shifts and community dynamics in periodontal diseases. J. California Dent. Assoc. 44, 421\u2013435 (2016).","journal-title":"J. California Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"78971_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.11.3247-3252.1993","volume":"175","author":"PE Kolenbrander","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kolenbrander, P. E. & London, J. Adhere today, here tomorrow: Oral bacterial adherence. J. Bacteriol. 175, 3247\u20133252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.175.11.3247-3252.1993 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"78971_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.1.55","volume":"9","author":"AI Bolstad","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bolstad, A. I., Jensen, H. B. & Bakken, V. Taxonomy, biology, and periodontal aspects of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9, 55\u201371 (1996).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"78971_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13175","volume":"26","author":"R Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, R. et al. The dynamics of the oral microbiome and oral health among patients receiving clear aligner orthodontic treatment. Oral Dis. 26, 473\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.13175 (2020).","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"78971_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.15.e924","volume":"15","author":"E Lara-Carrillo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lara-Carrillo, E., Montiel-Bastida, N. M., Sanchez-Perez, L. & Alanis-Tavira, J. Effect of orthodontic treatment on saliva, plaque and the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal 15, e924-929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/medoral.15.e924 (2010).","journal-title":"Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"78971_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.04.017","volume":"126","author":"EJ Sallum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sallum, E. J. et al. Clinical and microbiologic changes after removal of orthodontic appliances. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop. 126, 363\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.04.017 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"78971_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2014.993701","volume":"73","author":"RM Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Vico","year":"2015","unstructured":"Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Vico, R. M. et al. Short-term effect of removal of fixed orthodontic appliances on gingival health and subgingival microbiota: A prospective cohort study. Acta Odontol. Scand. 73, 496\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016357.2014.993701 (2015).","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"78971_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.22.214","volume":"22","author":"H Morita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morita, H. et al. An improved DNA isolation method for metagenomic analysis of the microbial flora of the human intestine. Microbes Environ. 22, 214\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1264\/jsme2.22.214 (2007).","journal-title":"Microbes Environ."},{"key":"78971_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32942","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032942","volume":"7","author":"G Biesbroek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Biesbroek, G. et al. Deep sequencing analyses of low density microbial communities: Working at the boundary of accurate microbiota detection. PLoS ONE 7, e32942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0032942 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"78971_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dst006","volume":"20","author":"SW Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim, S. W. et al. Robustness of gut microbiota of healthy adults in response to probiotic intervention revealed by high-throughput pyrosequencing. DNA Res. 20, 241\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/dnares\/dst006 (2013).","journal-title":"DNA Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-78971-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-78971-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-78971-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,15]],"date-time":"2023-10-15T09:05:16Z","timestamp":1697360716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-78971-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["78971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-78971-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21989"}}