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We determined the prevalence and association of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the nasopharynx and conjunctiva among children in a community before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. In October 2016, conjunctival and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from children (&lt;\u200924\u00a0months old) and nasopharyngeal swabs from mothers in Nha Trang, Vietnam. Quantitative <jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic> PCR and DNA microarray were performed to detect and serotype <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. The association between <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the nasopharynx and conjunctiva was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression model. Among 698 children, 62 (8.9%, 95% CI 6.9\u201311.2%) were positive for <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the conjunctiva. Non-encapsulated <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were most commonly identified, followed by serotypes 6A, 6B, and 14. Nasopharyngeal and conjunctival detection were positively associated (aOR 47.30, 95% CI 24.07\u201392.97). Low birth-weight, day-care attendance, and recent eye symptoms were independently associated with <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> detection in the conjunctiva (aOR 11.14, 95% CI 3.76\u201332.98, aOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.45\u20133.31, and aOR 3.59, 95% CI 2.21\u20135.84, respectively). Serotypes and genotypes in the conjunctiva and nasopharynx matched in 87% of the children. Three mothers\u2019 nasopharyngeal pneumococcal samples had matched serotype and genotype with their child\u2019s in the conjunctiva and nasopharynx. <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> presence in nasopharynx and conjunctiva were strongly associated. The high concordance of serotypes suggests nasopharyngeal carriage may be a source of transmission to the conjunctiva.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79175-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:25:44Z","timestamp":1610364344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in conjunctival flora and association with nasopharyngeal carriage among children in a Vietnamese community"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yasser Helmy","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Toizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Uematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien-Anh Thi","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lien Thuy","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Takegata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica L.","family":"Nation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen M.","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung Thai","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Quang","family":"Vien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Satzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Flasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Mulholland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc-Anh","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kitaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lay-Myint","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"79175_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2000.tb01121.x","volume":"20","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Armstrong, R. 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The other authors do not have a commercial or other association that might pose a conflict of interest. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"337"}}