{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1791239848541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Alberta Health Accelerator"},{"name":"Outbreaker Solutions North America"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controlling infections has become one of the biggest problems in the world, whether measured in lives lost or money spent. This is worsening as pathogens continue becoming resistant to therapeutics. Antimicrobial surfaces are one strategy being investigated in an attempt to decrease the spread of infections through the most common route of transmission: surfaces, including hands. Regulators have chosen two hours as the time point at which efficacy should be measured. The objectives of this study were\u00a0to characterize the new antimicrobial surface compressed sodium chloride (CSC) so that its action may be understood at timepoints more relevant to real-time infection control, under two minutes; to develop a sensitive method to test efficacy at short time points; and to investigate antifungal properties for the first time. <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic> are added to surfaces, and the surfaces are monitored by contact plate, or by washing into collection vats. An improved method of testing antimicrobial efficacy is reported. Antimicrobial CSC achieves at least 99.9% reduction of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in the first two minutes of contact, and at least 99% reduction of <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic> in one minute.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79212-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T11:19:34Z","timestamp":1610104774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of compressed sodium chloride (CSC) against E. coli and Candida auris in minutes and methods improvement for testing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lan N.","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brayden D.","family":"Whitlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"79212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1806283","volume":"378","author":"B Gates","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gates, B. Innovation for pandemics. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 2057\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp1806283 (2018).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"79212_CR2","unstructured":"O'Neill, T. R. O. A. R. C. J. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. (amr-review.org, London, UK, 2014)."},{"key":"79212_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1086\/591861","volume":"29","author":"AI Hidron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hidron, A. I. et al. NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006\u20132007. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 29, 996\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/591861 (2008).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79212_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1086\/518518","volume":"28","author":"DJ Anderson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anderson, D. J. et al. Underresourced hospital infection control and prevention programs: penny wise, pound foolish?. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 28, 767\u2013773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/518518 (2007).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79212_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490712200205","volume":"122","author":"RM Klevens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klevens, R. M. et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 122, 160\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003335490712200205 (2007).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"79212_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-081210-144458","volume":"63","author":"DP Calfee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Calfee, D. P. Crisis in hospital-acquired, healthcare-associated infections. Annu. Rev. Med. 63, 359\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-med-081210-144458 (2012).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"79212_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12195","volume":"19","author":"M Goto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goto, M. & Al-Hasan, M. N. Overall burden of bloodstream infection and nosocomial bloodstream infection in North America and Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 19, 501\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12195 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"79212_CR8","unstructured":"Scott, R. Direct Medical Costs of Healthcare-associated Infections in U.S. Hospitals and the Benefits of Prevention (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 2009)."},{"key":"79212_CR9","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. (WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011)."},{"key":"79212_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-14","volume":"27","author":"SJ Dancer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dancer, S. J. Controlling hospital-acquired infection: focus on the role of the environment and new technologies for decontamination. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27, 665\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00020-14 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"79212_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.1017\/s0899823x00193900","volume":"35","author":"K Ellingson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ellingson, K. et al. Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 35(Suppl 2), S155-178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0899823x00193900 (2014).","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79212_CR12","unstructured":"Centers, U. S. & Prevention, f. D. C. a. in Document Vol. Document CS316270B (Atlanta, GA, 2020)."},{"key":"79212_CR13","unstructured":"Centers, U. S. & Prevention, f. D. C. a. Vol. Document CS 316291A (eds United States Centers & for Disease Control and Prevention) (2020)."},{"key":"79212_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.04.013","volume":"94","author":"BD Whitlock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitlock, B. D. & Smith, S. W. Compressed sodium chloride as a fast-acting antimicrobial surface: results of a pilot study. J. Hosp. Infect. 94, 182\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.04.013 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Hosp. 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Protocol for the Evaluation of Bacteriacidal Activity of Hard, Non-porus Copper\/Copper-Alloy Surfaces (proposed Jan. 2016)."},{"key":"79212_CR18","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency Registration 82012-6 (2009)."},{"key":"79212_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021","volume":"105","author":"SA Wilks","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilks, S. A., Michels, H. & Keevil, C. W. The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 105, 445\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"79212_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4239","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02532-05","volume":"72","author":"JO Noyce","year":"2006","unstructured":"Noyce, J. O., Michels, H. & Keevil, C. W. Use of copper cast alloys to control Escherichia coli O157 cross-contamination during food processing. Appl. Environ. 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LNT declares no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"149"}}