{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T23:20:45Z","timestamp":1794093645934,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Research Fund and the Office of the Higher Education Commission","award":["MRG6180051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRG6180051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m5t2b63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund and the Office of the Higher Education Commission","award":["MRG6180051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRG6180051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m5t2b63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Thailand Research Fund and the Office of the Higher Education Commission","award":["MRG6180051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRG6180051"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05m5t2b63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The epidemic of leptospirosis in humans occurs annually in Thailand. In this study, we have developed mathematical models to investigate transmission dynamics between humans, animals, and a contaminated environment. We compared different leptospire transmission models involving flooding and weather conditions, shedding and multiplication rate in a contaminated environment. We found that the model in which the transmission rate depends on both flooding and temperature, best-fits the reported human data on leptospirosis in Thailand. Our results indicate that flooding strongly contributes to disease transmission, where a high degree of flooding leads to a higher number of infected individuals. Sensitivity analysis showed that the transmission rate of leptospires from a contaminated environment was the most important parameter for the total number of human cases. Our results suggest that public education should target people who work in contaminated environments to prevent\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79546-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T06:03:35Z","timestamp":1610690615000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["The effects of flooding and weather conditions on leptospirosis transmission in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sudarat","family":"Chadsuthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Chalvet-Monfray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuwat","family":"Wiratsudakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charin","family":"Modchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"79546_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Leptospirosis, http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs_13082012_leptospirosis\/en\/ (2012)."},{"key":"79546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","volume":"3","author":"AR Bharti","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bharti, A. R. et al. Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3, 757\u2013771 (2003).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"79546_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"DA Haake","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haake, D. A. & Levett, P. N. Leptospira and Leptospirosis 65\u201397 (Springer, Berlin, 2015)."},{"key":"79546_CR4","unstructured":"Climatological Group, Meteorological Development Bureau & Meteorological Department. The Climate of Thailand. https:\/\/www.tmd.go.th\/en\/archive\/thailand_climate.pdf (2015)."},{"key":"79546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.204","volume":"63","author":"W Tangkanakul","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tangkanakul, W. et al. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis in northeastern Thailand, 1998. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 204\u2013208 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"79546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110201756","volume":"11","author":"A Dreyfus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dreyfus, A. et al. Sero-prevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in abattoir workers in New Zealand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11, 1756\u20131775 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"79546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002903","volume":"144","author":"P Della Rossa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Della Rossa, P. et al. Environmental factors and public health policy associated with human and rodent infection by leptospirosis: a land cover-based study in Nan province, Thailand. Epidemiol. Infect. 144, 1550\u20131562 (2015).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"79546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","volume":"140","author":"B Adler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adler, B. & de la Pe\u00f1a Moctezuma, A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet. Microbiol. 140, 287\u2013296 (2010).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"79546_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.04.515","volume":"215","author":"J Guitian","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guitian, J., Thurmond, M. & Hietala, S. Infertility and abortion among first-lactation dairy cows seropositive or seronegative for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215, 515\u2013518 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"79546_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-126","volume":"10","author":"M Salgado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salgado, M., Otto, B., Sandoval, E., Reinhardt, G. & Boqvist, S. A cross sectional observational study to estimate herd level risk factors for Leptospira spp. serovars in small holder dairy cattle farms in southern Chile. BMC Vet. Res. 10, 126 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"79546_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0493","volume":"78","author":"D Suwancharoen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suwancharoen, D. et al. A nationwide survey of pathogenic leptospires in urine of cattle and buffaloes by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method in Thailand, 2011\u20132013. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 78, 1495\u20131500 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"79546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003843","volume":"9","author":"MA Mwachui","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mwachui, M. A., Crump, L., Hartskeerl, R., Zinsstag, J. & Hattendorf, J. Environmental and behavioural determinants of leptospirosis transmission: a systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9, e0003843 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"79546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02728-12","volume":"79","author":"M Saito","year":"2013","unstructured":"Saito, M. et al. Comparative analysis of Leptospira strains isolated from environmental soil and water in the Philippines and Japan. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79, 601\u2013609 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"79546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.08.003","volume":"99","author":"J Holt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holt, J., Davis, S. & Leirs, H. A model of leptospirosis infection in an African rodent to determine risk to humans: seasonal fluctuations and the impact of rodent control. Acta Trop. 99, 218\u2013225 (2006).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"79546_CR15","first-page":"22","volume":"2","author":"W Triampo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Triampo, W. et al. A simple deterministic model for the spread of leptospirosis in Thailand. Int. J. Bio. Med. Sci 2, 22\u201326 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio. Med. Sci"},{"key":"79546_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.12785\/amis\/080314","volume":"8","author":"MA Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan, M. A., Islam, S. & Khan, S. A. Mathematical modeling towards the dynamical interaction of leptospirosis. Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 8, 1049 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"79546_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2018.03.005","volume":"121","author":"AM Babylon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Babylon, A. M., Roberts, M. G. & Wake, G. C. Modelling leptospirosis in livestock. Theor. Popul. Biol. 121, 26\u201332 (2018).","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"79546_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2018.05.002","volume":"25","author":"A Minter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minter, A. et al. A model for leptospire dynamics and control in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) the reservoir host in urban slum environments. Epidemics 25, 26\u201334 (2018).","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"79546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339015400057","volume":"23","author":"D Baca-Carrasco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baca-Carrasco, D., Olmos, D. & Barradas, I. A mathematical model for human and animal leptospirosis. J. Biol. Syst. 23, S55\u2013S65 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Syst."},{"key":"79546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-018-0503-6","volume":"80","author":"F Salda\u00f1a","year":"2018","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a, F. & Barradas, I. Control strategies in multigroup models: the case of the star network topology. Bull. Math. Biol. 80, 2978\u20133001 (2018).","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"79546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.068","volume":"130","author":"A Casanovas-Massana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Casanovas-Massana, A. et al. Spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogenic Leptospira in surface waters from the urban slum environment. Water Res. 130, 176\u2013184 (2018).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"79546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3537-3","volume":"18","author":"S Chadsuthi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chadsuthi, S., Chalvet-Monfray, K., Wiratsudakul, A., Suwancharoen, D. & Cappelle, J. A remotely sensed flooding indicator associated with cattle and buffalo leptospirosis cases in Thailand 2011\u20132013. BMC Infect. Dis. 18, 602 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"79546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.06.004","volume":"176","author":"PW Dhewantara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dhewantara, P. W. et al. Climate variability, satellite-derived physical environmental data and human leptospirosis: a retrospective ecological study in China. Environ. Res. 176, 108523 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"79546_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0335","volume":"99","author":"E Togami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Togami, E. et al. A large leptospirosis outbreak following successive severe floods in Fiji, 2012. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 99, 849\u2013851 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"79546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005228","volume":"11","author":"S Chadsuthi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chadsuthi, S. et al. Investigation on predominant Leptospira serovars and its distribution in humans and livestock in Thailand, 2010\u20132015. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005228 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"79546_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002981","volume":"141","author":"D Suwancharoen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suwancharoen, D., Chaisakdanugull, Y., Thanapongtharm, W. & Yoshida, S. Serological survey of leptospirosis in livestock in Thailand. Epidemiol. Infect. 141, 2269\u20132277 (2013).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"79546_CR27","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology, DDC & MPH. Leptospirosis. http:\/\/www.boe.moph.go.th\/boedb\/surdata\/disease.php?ds=43 (2019)."},{"key":"79546_CR28","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology, DDC & MoPH. Case Definition for Surveillance. http:\/\/www.boe.moph.go.th\/boedb\/surdata\/disease.php?ds=71 (2019)."},{"key":"79546_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0181044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181044","volume":"12","author":"J Ledien","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ledien, J. et al. Assessing the performance of remotelysensed flooding indicators and their potential contribution to early warning for leptospirosis in Cambodia. PLoS ONE 12, e0181044 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"79546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","volume":"27","author":"H Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, H. Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 27, 3025\u20133033 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"79546_CR31","unstructured":"Quantum GIS Development Team. Quantum GIS geographic information system v2.8.3. Open source geospatial foundation project., http:\/\/qgis.osgeo.org (2015)."},{"key":"79546_CR32","unstructured":"NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC & USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km."},{"key":"79546_CR33","unstructured":"Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. TRMM (TMPA-RT) Near Real-Time Precipitation L3 1 day 0.25 degree \u00d7 0.25 degree V7, Greenbelt, MD, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) (2018)."},{"key":"79546_CR34","unstructured":"Huffman, G. J. & Bolvin, D. T. Real-time TRMM multi-satellite precipitation analysis data set documentation. NASA Technical Documents (2015)."},{"key":"79546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM560.1","volume":"8","author":"GJ Huffman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Huffman, G. J. et al. The TRMM multisatellite precipitation analysis (TMPA): quasi-global, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales. J. Hydrometeorol. 8, 38\u201355 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"79546_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(93)90081-P","volume":"55","author":"F Leonard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leonard, F., Quinn, P., Ellis, W. & O\u2019Farrell, K. Association between cessation of leptospiruria in cattle and urinary antibody levels. Res. Vet. Sci. 55, 195\u2013202 (1993).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"79546_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00783","volume":"8","author":"T Fraser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fraser, T. & Brown, P. D. Temperature and oxidative stress as triggers for virulence gene expression in pathogenic Leptospira spp. Front. Microbiol. 8, 783 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"79546_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0748","volume":"91","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stoddard, R. A. et al. Viability of Leptospira isolates from a human outbreak in Thailand in various water types, pH, and temperature conditions. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 1020\u20131022 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"79546_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227055","volume":"15","author":"E Bierque","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bierque, E., Thibeaux, R., Girault, D., Soup\u00e9-Gilbert, M.-E. & Goarant, C. A systematic review of Leptospira in water and soil environments. PLoS ONE 15, e0227055 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"79546_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020377","volume":"6","author":"A Desvars","year":"2011","unstructured":"Desvars, A. et al. Seasonality of human leptospirosis in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) and its association with meteorological data. PLoS ONE 6, e20377 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"79546_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001014","volume":"140","author":"C Robertson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robertson, C., Nelson, T. A. & Stephen, C. Spatial epidemiology of suspected clinical leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. Epidemiol. Infect. 140, 731\u2013743 (2011).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"79546_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4gk0","volume-title":"Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals","author":"MJ Keeling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keeling, M. J. & Rohani, P. Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2011)."},{"key":"79546_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"153","author":"DM Gay","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gay, D. M. Usage summary for selected optimization routines. Comput. Sci. Tech. Rep. 153, 1\u201321 (1990).","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"79546_CR44","first-page":"229","volume":"62","author":"SM Blower","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blower, S. M. & Dowlatabadi, H. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of complex models of disease transmission: an HIV model, as an example. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 62, 229\u2013243 (1994).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"79546_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53062-z","volume":"9","author":"A D\u00e9nes","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00e9nes, A., Ibrahim, M. A., Oluoch, L., Tekeli, M. & Tekeli, T. Impact of weather seasonality and sexual transmission on the spread of Zika fever. Sci. Rep. 9, 17055 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"79546_CR46","unstructured":"Carnell, R. Latin Hypercube Samples. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lhs\/index.html (2016)."},{"key":"79546_CR47","unstructured":"Pujol, G., Iooss, B. & Iooss, M. B. Global Sensitivity Analysis of Model Outputs. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/sensitivity\/index.html (2017)."},{"key":"79546_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh255","volume":"160","author":"J Wallinga","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wallinga, J. & Teunis, P. Different epidemic curves for severe acute respiratory syndrome reveal similar impacts of control measures. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160, 509\u2013516 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"79546_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-147","volume":"12","author":"T Obadia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Obadia, T., Haneef, R. & Bo\u00eblle, P.-Y. The R0 package: a toolbox to estimate reproduction numbers for epidemic outbreaks. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 12, 147 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"79546_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217643","volume":"14","author":"C Naing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naing, C., Reid, S. A., Saint Nway Aye, N. H. H. & Ambu, S. Risk factors for human leptospirosis following flooding: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS ONE 14, e0217643 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"79546_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.06.007","volume":"107","author":"NB Vanasco","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vanasco, N. B. et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of human leptospirosis in Argentina (1999\u20132005). Acta Trop. 107, 255\u2013258 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"79546_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.605","volume":"66","author":"U Sarkar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarkar, U. et al. Population-based case-control investigation of risk factors for leptospirosis during an urban epidemic. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66, 605\u2013610 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"79546_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0922","volume":"98","author":"MF Mohd Radi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohd Radi, M. F. et al. Leptospirosis outbreak after the 2014 major flooding event in Kelantan, Malaysia: a spatial-temporal analysis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98, 1281\u20131295 (2018).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"79546_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(12)60095-9","volume":"5","author":"S Chadsuthi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chadsuthi, S., Modchang, C., Lenbury, Y., Iamsirithaworn, S. & Triampo, W. Modeling seasonal leptospirosis transmission and its association with rainfall and temperature in Thailand using time\u2013series and ARIMAX analyses. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 5, 539\u2013546 (2012).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"79546_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133651","volume":"694","author":"MS L\u00f3pez","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, M. S. et al. Spatio-temporal analysis of leptospirosis incidence and its relationship with hydroclimatic indicators in northeastern Argentina. Sci. Total Environ. 694, 133651 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"79546_CR56","first-page":"317","volume":"45","author":"A Chutinantakul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chutinantakul, A., Chanakitjanukit, P. & Buathong, R. Outbreaks of leptospirosis after a flood in Thung Song District, Nakhon Si Thammarat, January 2017. Dis. Control J. 45, 317\u2013329 (2019).","journal-title":"Dis. Control J."},{"key":"79546_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0501-9","volume":"7","author":"P Ceccato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ceccato, P., Ramirez, B., Manyangadze, T., Gwakisa, P. & Thomson, M. C. Data and tools to integrate climate and environmental information into public health. Infect. Dis. Poverty 7, 126 (2018).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"79546_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.78","volume":"7","author":"RK Raghavan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raghavan, R. K., Brenner, K. M., Harrington, J. A. Jr., Higgins, J. J. & Harkin, K. R. Spatial scale effects in environmental risk-factor modelling for diseases. Geospat. Health 7, 169\u2013182 (2013).","journal-title":"Geospat. Health"},{"key":"79546_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000205","volume":"143","author":"S Suwanpakdee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suwanpakdee, S. et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of leptospirosis in Thailand: Is flooding a risk factor?. Epidemiol. Infect. 143, 2106\u20132115 (2015).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79546-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79546-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79546-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T08:56:49Z","timestamp":1724317009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79546-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["79546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-79546-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1486"}}