{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T14:35:46Z","timestamp":1792074946186,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004595","name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1001\/CIPPT\/8012338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1001\/CIPPT\/8012338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015515","name":"Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203.PBAHAN.6071401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203.PBAHAN.6071401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Calotropis gigantea (C. gigantea)<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract with an ecofriendly nanotechnology approach could provide promising antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens. This study investigates the antimicrobial capability of green synthesized binary ZnO\u2013CuO nanocomposites from\n                    <jats:italic>C. gigantea<\/jats:italic>\n                    against non-MDR (\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and MDR (\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus)<\/jats:italic>\n                    skin pathogens. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the size and shape of B3Z1C sample. Results of X-ray powder diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, FTIR and UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of mixed nanoparticles (i.e., zinc oxide, copper oxide, carbon and calcium) and the stabilising phytochemical agents of plant (i.e., phenol and carbonyl). Antimicrobial results showed that carbon and calcium decorated binary ZnO\u2013CuO nanocomposites with compositions of 75 wt% of ZnO and 25 wt% CuO (B3Z1C) was a strong bactericidal agent with the MBC\/MIC ratio of\u2009\u2264\u20094 and\u2009\u2264\u20092 for non-MDR and MDR pathogens, respectively. A significant non-MDR zone of inhibitions were observed for BZC by Kirby\u2013Bauer disc-diffusion test. Further time-kill observation revealed significant fourfold reduction in non-MDR pathogen viable count after 12\u00a0h study period. Further molecular studies are needed to explain the biocidal mechanism underlying B3Z1C potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79547-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T06:13:01Z","timestamp":1610086381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Compositions and antimicrobial properties of binary ZnO\u2013CuO nanocomposites encapsulated calcium and carbon from Calotropis gigantea targeted for skin pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9263-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G Ambarasan","family":"Govindasamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-8809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabiatul Basria S. M. N.","family":"Mydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5125-8683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srimala","family":"Sreekantan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5563-4145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Hazliana","family":"Harun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"79547_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.07.011","volume":"59","author":"HM Khor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khor, H. M. et al. Determinants of mortality among older adults with pressure ulcers. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 59, 536\u2013541 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"79547_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944501912010121","volume":"12","author":"JAS Qaddumi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qaddumi, J. A. S. & Almahmoud, O. Pressure ulcers prevalence and potential risk factors among intensive care unit patients in governmental hospitals in Palestine: A cross-sectional study. Open Public Health J. 12, 121\u2013126 (2019).","journal-title":"Open Public Health J."},{"key":"79547_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13081","volume":"16","author":"SP Sari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sari, S. P. et al. The prevalence of pressure ulcers in community-dwelling older adults: A study in an Indonesian city. Int. Wound J. 16, 534\u2013541 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"79547_CR4","unstructured":"Park-Lee, E. & Caffrey, C. Pressure Ulcers Among Nursing Home Residents: United States, 2004. NCHS Data Brief. 14, 1\u20138 (2009)."},{"key":"79547_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braga, I. A., Brito, C. S., Filho, A. D., Filho, P. P. G. & Ribas, R. M. Pressure ulcer as a reservoir of multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli: Risk factors for colonization and development of bacteremia. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 21(2), 171\u2013175 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2016.11.007"},{"key":"79547_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dana, A., N. & Bauman, W. A. Review bacteriology of pressure ulcers in individuals with spinal cord injury: What we know and what we should know. J. Spinal Cord Med. 38(2), 147\u2013160 (2015).","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772314Y.0000000234"},{"issue":"5","key":"79547_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1977.tb00342.x","volume":"3","author":"I El-Toraei","year":"1977","unstructured":"El-Toraei, I. & Chung, B. The management of pressure sores. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 3(5), 507 (1977).","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"79547_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumbal, Nadeem, A., Naz, S., Ali, J. S., Mannan, A. & Zia, M. Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles using Mirabilis jalapa leaf extract. Biotechnol. Rep. 24, e00338 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2019.e00338"},{"issue":"3","key":"79547_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S399","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1496923","volume":"46","author":"M Alavi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alavi, M. & Karim, N. Antiplanktonic, antibiofilm, antiswarming motility and antiquorum sensing activities of green synthesized Ag\u2013TiO2, TiO2\u2013Ag, Ag\u2013Cu and Cu\u2013Ag nanocomposites against multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 46(3), S399\u2013S413 (2018).","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"79547_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.09.051","volume":"156","author":"Z Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu, Z. et al. Enhanced antibacterial and wound healing activities of microporous chitosan-Ag\/ZnO composite dressing. Carbohydr. Polym. 156, 460\u2013469 (2017).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"79547_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. D. et al. In vivo study of the antibacterial chitosan\/polyvinyl alcohol loaded with silver nanoparticle hydrogel for wound healing applications. Hindawi Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2019, 7382717 (2019).","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7382717"},{"key":"79547_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2013.12.003","volume":"8","author":"EA Kamoun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kamoun, E. A., Kenawy, E. R., Tamer, T. M., El-Meligy, M. A. & Eldin, M. S. Poly (vinyl alcohol)-alginate physically crosslinked hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: Characterization and bio-evaluation. Arab. J. Chem. 8, 38\u201347 (2015).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"79547_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1021\/am300292v","volume":"4","author":"PTS Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar, P. T. S. et al. Flexible and microporous chitosan hydrogel\/nano ZnO composite bandages for wound dressing: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4, 2618\u20132629 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"79547_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arshad, R. et al. ZnO-NPs embedded biodegradable thiolated bandage for postoperative surgical site infection: In vitro and in vivo evaluation (2019).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217079"},{"key":"79547_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2018.09.003","volume":"16","author":"Y Yulizar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yulizar, Y., Bakri, R., Apriandanu, D. O. B. & TaufikHidayat, T. ZnO\/CuO nanocomposite prepared in one-pot green synthesis using seed bark extract of Theobroma cacao. Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects. 16, 300\u2013305 (2018).","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects."},{"key":"79547_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.12.006","volume":"27","author":"R Dobrucka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobrucka, R., Kaczmarek, M., Lagiedo, M., Kielan, A. & Dlugaszewska, J. Evaluation of biologically synthesized Au-CuO and CuO-ZnO nanoparticles against glioma cells and microorganisms. Saudi Pharm. J. 27, 373\u2013383 (2019).","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"79547_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S. A., Noreen, F., Kanwal, S., Iqbal, A. & Hussain, G. Green synthesis of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles from leaf extracts of Abutilon indicum, Clerodendruminfortunatum, Clerodendruminerme and investigation of their biological and photocatalytic activities. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 82(C), 46\u201359 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.08.071"},{"issue":"16","key":"79547_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13596","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-018-9487-0","volume":"29","author":"RM Aloucheh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aloucheh, R. M., Yangjeh, A. H., Bayrami, A., Navid, S. L. & Asadi, A. Green synthesis of ZnO and ZnO\/CuO nanocomposites in Mentha longifolialeaf extract: Characterization and their application as antibacterial agents. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29(16), 13596\u201313605 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"79547_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012036","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/172\/1\/012036","volume":"172","author":"N Widiarti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Widiarti, N., Sae, J. K. & Wahyuni, S. Synthesis CuO-ZnO nanocomposite and its application as an antibacterial agent. IOP Conf. Series Mater. Sci. Eng. 172, 012036 (2017).","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"79547_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00759","volume":"2","author":"IA Hassan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassan, I. A., Sathasivam, S., Nair, S. P. & Carmalt, C. J. Antimicrobial properties of copper-doped ZnO coatings under darkness and white light illumination. ACS Omega. 2, 4556\u20134562 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Omega."},{"key":"79547_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2016.12.003","volume":"16","author":"AA Alswat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alswat, A. A., Ahmad, M. B. & Saleh, T. A. Preparation and characterization of zeolite\\zinc oxide-copper oxide nanocomposite: Antibacterial activities. Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 16, 19\u201324 (2017).","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci. Commun."},{"key":"79547_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09829A","volume":"10","author":"S Qiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiu, S. et al. Synthesis, characterization, and comparison of antibacterial effects and elucidating the mechanism of ZnO, CuO and CuZnO nanoparticles supported on mesoporous silica SBA-3. RSC Adv. 10, 2767\u20132785 (2020).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"5","key":"79547_CR23","first-page":"753","volume":"13","author":"FA Al-Dhabaan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Dhabaan, F. A., Shoala, T., Ali, A. A. M., Alaa, M. & Abd-Elsalam, K. Chemically-produced copper, zinc nanoparticles and chitosan-bimetallic nanocomposites and their antifungal activity against three phytopathogenic fungi. Int. J. Agric. Technol. 13(5), 753\u2013769 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"79547_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015009","DOI":"10.1088\/2043-6254\/ab6c60","volume":"11","author":"CRR Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, C. R. R. et al. One-pot green synthesis of ZnO\u2013CuO nanocomposite and their enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 11, 015009 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"6","key":"79547_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2017.1366339","volume":"46","author":"M Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu, M. et al. Zinc oxide\/silver bimetallic nanoencapsulated in PVP\/PCL nanofibres for improved antibacterial activity. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 46(6), 1248\u20131257 (2018).","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"79547_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0863-z","volume":"1","author":"KR Basavalingiah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basavalingiah, K. R., Harishkumar, S., Nagaraju, G. & Rangappa, D. Highly porous, honeycomb like Ag\u2013ZnO nanomaterials for enhanced photocatalytic and photoluminescence studies: Green synthesis using Azadirachtaindicagum. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 935 (2019).","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"79547_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5274-5","volume":"25","author":"P Bazant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bazant, P. et al. Hybrid nanostructured Ag\/ZnO decorated powder cellulose fillers for medical plastics with enhanced surface antibacterial activity. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 25(11), 2501\u20132512 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"79547_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.06.010","volume":"114","author":"SC Motshekga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Motshekga, S. C., Ray, S. S., Onyango, M. S. & Momba, M. N. B. Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan-based nanocomposites containing bentonite-supported silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles for water disinfection. Appl. Clay Sci. 114, 330\u2013339 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"79547_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.03.025","volume":"59","author":"S Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, S. et al. Antibacterial and mechanical properties of honeycomb ceramic materials incorporated with silver and zinc. Mater. Des. 59, 461\u2013465 (2014).","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"79547_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2017.09.023","volume":"28","author":"M Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Hazra, S. & Basu, S. Synthesis of heterogeneous Ag-Cu bimetallic monolith with different mass ratios and their performances for catalysis and antibacterial activity. Adv. Powder Technol. 28, 3085\u20133094 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"79547_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paszkiewicz, M. et al. The antibacterial and antifungal textile properties functionalized by bimetallic nanoparticles of Ag\/Cu with different structures. J. Nanomater. 2016, 6056980 (2016).","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6056980"},{"key":"79547_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2018.01.004","volume":"28","author":"B Joshi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joshi, B., Regmi, C., Dhakal, D., Gyawali, G. & Lee, S. W. Efficient inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus by silver and copper loaded photocatalytic titanate nanotubes. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 28, 15\u201323 (2018).","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"79547_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54025-0","volume":"9","author":"M Azizi-Lalabadi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azizi-Lalabadi, M., Ehsani, A., Divband, B. & Alizadeh-Sani, M. Antimicrobial activity of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles supported in 4A zeolite and evaluation the morphological characteristic. Sci. Rep. 9, 1743 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"79547_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daou, I., Moukrad, N., Zegaoui, O. & Filali, F. R. Antimicrobial activity of ZnO-TiO2 nanomaterials synthesized from three different precursors of ZnO: Influence of ZnO\/TiO2 weight ratio. Water Sci. Technol. 77(5\u20136), 1238\u20131249 (2018).","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.647"},{"issue":"4","key":"79547_CR35","first-page":"350","volume":"10","author":"AA Shadmehri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shadmehri, A. A., Namvar, F., Miri, H., Yaghmaei, P. & Moghaddam, M. N. Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles, graphene and graphene decorated by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Nano Dimens. 10(4), 350\u2013358 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nano Dimens."},{"issue":"2","key":"79547_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4172\/2090-4568.1000151","volume":"6","author":"AK Jaiswal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jaiswal, A. K., Gangwar, M., Nath, G. & Yadav, R. R. Antimicrobial activity of bimetallic Cu\/Pd nanofluids. J. Adv. Chem. Eng. 6(2), 151 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"79547_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.05.028","volume":"185","author":"A Al-Asfar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Asfar, A., Zaheer, Z. & Aazam, E. S. Eco-friendly green synthesis of Ag@Fe bimetallic nanoparticles: Antioxidant, antimicrobial and photocatalytic degradation of bromothymol blue. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol 185, 143\u2013152 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol"},{"key":"79547_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasile, B. S. et al. Synthesis and characterization of a novel controlled release zinc oxide\/gentamicin\u2013chitosan composite with potential applications in wounds care. Int. J. Pharm. 463(2), 161\u2013169 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.11.035"},{"key":"79547_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/md15100328","volume":"15","author":"LFG Chabala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chabala, L. F. G., Cuartas, C. E. E. & Lopez, M. E. L. Release behavior and antibacterial activity of chitosan\/alginate blends with Aloe vera and silver nanoparticles. Mar. Drugs. 15, 328 (2017).","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs."},{"key":"79547_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37857","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA07898K","volume":"10","author":"AM Youssef","year":"2020","unstructured":"Youssef, A. M. et al. Synthesis and evaluation of eco-friendly carboxymethyl cellulose\/polyvinyl alcohol\/CuO bionanocomposites and their use in coating processed cheese. RSC Adv. 10, 37857 (2020).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"79547_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.155","volume":"123","author":"ME Abd El-Aziz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abd El-Aziz, M. E. et al. Preparation and characterization of chitosan\/polyacrylic acid\/copper nanocomposites and their impact on onion production. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 123, 856\u2013865 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"79547_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, A., EL-Nagar, I., El-Torky, A. & Abd El-Hakim, A. E. Preparation and characterization of PMMA nanocomposites based on ZnO-NPs for antibacterial packaging applications. In Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on New Technologies (NewTech'19) Lisbon, Portugal. Paper No. ICNFA 105. (2019).","DOI":"10.11159\/icnfa19.105"},{"key":"79547_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100523","volume":"25","author":"NA Al-Tayyar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Tayyar, N. A., Youssef, A. M. & Al-Hindi, R. R. Antimicrobial packaging efficiency of ZnO-SiO2 nanocomposites infused into PVA\/CS film for enhancing the shelf life of food products. Food Packaging Shelf Life. 25, 100523 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Packaging Shelf Life."},{"key":"79547_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116234","volume":"239","author":"SM El-Sayed","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Sayed, S. M., El-Sayed, H. S., Ibrahim, O. A. & Youssef, A. M. Rational design of chitosan\/guar gum\/zinc oxide bionanocomposites based on Roselle calyx extract for Ras cheese coating. Carbohydr. Polym. 239, 116234 (2020).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"issue":"3","key":"79547_CR45","first-page":"811","volume":"27","author":"A Jafari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jafari, A., Ghane, M., Sarabi, M. & Siyavoshifar, F. Synthesis and antibacterial properties of zinc oxide combined with copper oxide nanocrystales. Orient. J. Chem. 27(3), 811\u2013822 (2011).","journal-title":"Orient. J. Chem."},{"key":"79547_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12027","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00213","volume":"5","author":"NH Harun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harun, N. H. et al. Bactericidal capacity of a heterogeneous TiO2\/ZnO nanocomposite against multidrug-resistant and non-multidrug-resistant bacterial strains associated with nosocomial infections. ACS Omega. 5, 12027\u201312034 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Omega."},{"key":"79547_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.01.172","volume":"632","author":"JK Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma, J. K., Akhtar, M., Ameen, S., Srivastava, P. & Singh, G. Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles with leaf extract of Calotropis gigantea and its dye-sensitized solar cells applications. J. Alloys Compounds. 632, 321\u2013325 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compounds."},{"issue":"18","key":"79547_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14033","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-7254-2","volume":"28","author":"VV Gawade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gawade, V. V. et al. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by using Calotropis proceraleaves for the photodegradation of methyl orange. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 28(18), 14033\u201314039 (2017).","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Electron."},{"key":"79547_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08771-8","volume":"7","author":"RF El-Kased","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Kased, R. F., Amer, R. I., Attia, D. & Elmazar, M. M. Honey-based hydrogel: In vitro and comparative in vivo evaluation for burn wound healing. Sci. Rep. 7, 9692 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"79547_CR50","first-page":"2066","volume":"46","author":"M Alavi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alavi, M. & Karimi, N. Characterization, antibacterial, total antioxidant, scavenging, reducing power and ion chelating activities of green synthesized silver, copper and titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Artemisia haussknechtii leaf extract. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 46(8), 2066\u20132081 (2017).","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"79547_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b00274","volume":"5","author":"M Alavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alavi, M., Karimi, N. & Valadbeigi, T. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, antiquorum sensing, antimotility, and antioxidant activities of green fabricated Ag, Cu, TiO2, ZnO, and Fe3O4 NPs via Protoparmeliopsis muralis Lichen Aqueous Extract Against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 5, 4228\u20134243 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"79547_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shabib, N. A. et al. Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticle from Ochradenus baccatus leaves: Broad-spectrum antibiofilm activity, protein binding studies, and in vivo toxicity and stress studies. J. Nanomater. 2018,  8612158 (2018).","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8612158"},{"key":"79547_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.12.029","volume":"336","author":"SP Goutam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goutam, S. P. et al. Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using leaf extract of Jatropha curcas L. for photocatalytic degradation of tannery wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 336, 386\u2013396 (2018).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"79547_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03323","volume":"6","author":"PG Bhavyasree","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhavyasree, P. G. & Xavier, T. S. Green synthesis of copper oxide\/carbon nanocomposites using the leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica Nees, their characterization and antimicrobial activity. Heliyon. 6, e03323 (2020).","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"79547_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v7i1.10156","volume":"7","author":"PS Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar, P. S., Chezhian, A., Raja, P. S. & Sathiyapriya, J. Computational selections of terpenes present in the plant Calotropis gigantea as mosquito larvicide\u2019s by blocking thesterol carrying protein, AeSCP-2. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 7, 1\u20135 (2012).","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Pharmacol."},{"key":"79547_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1166\/jbn.2013.1681","volume":"9","author":"A Roy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roy, A., Gauri, S. S., Bhattacharya, M. & Bhattacharya, J. Antimicrobial activity of CaO Nanoparticles. J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 9, 1\u20138 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Nanotechnol."},{"issue":"4","key":"79547_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2017.08.003","volume":"2","author":"SRK Kumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kumar, S. R. K. et al. Highly efficient multipurpose graphene oxide embedded with copper oxide nanohybrid for electrochemical sensors and biomedical applications. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices. 2(4), 493\u2013500 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices."},{"key":"79547_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mssp.2015.01.048","volume":"34","author":"K Elumalai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elumalai, K., Velmurugan, S., Ravi, S., Kathiravan, V. & Ashokkumar, S. Bio-fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of curry leaf (Murrayakoenigii) and its antimicrobial activities. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 34, 365\u2013372 (2015).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process."},{"key":"79547_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2016.03.002","volume":"26","author":"AZ Noah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noah, A. Z., El Semary, M. A., Youssef, A. M. & El-Safty, M. A. Enhancement of yield point at high pressure high temperature wells by using polymer nanocomposites based on ZnO & CaCO3 nanoparticles. Egypt. J. Petrol. 26, 33\u201340 (2017).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Petrol."},{"key":"79547_CR60","first-page":"57","volume":"4","author":"R Mongkholrattanasit","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mongkholrattanasit, R., Kry\u0161t\u016ffek, J., Wiener, J. & Studni\u010dkov\u00e1, J. Natural dye from Eucalyptus leaves and application for wool fabric dyeing by using padding techniques. Nat. Dyes. 4, 57\u201378 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Dyes."},{"key":"79547_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.12.007","volume":"9","author":"AH Al-Marri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Marri, A. H. et al. Green synthesis of Pd@graphene nanocomposite: Catalyst for the selective oxidation of alcohols. Arab. J. Chem. 9, 835\u2013845 (2016).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"79547_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bessa, L. J., Fazii, P., Giulio, M. D. & Cellini, L. Bacterial isolates from infected wounds and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern: Some remarks about wound infection. Int. Wound J. ISSN. 12(1), 47\u201352 (2015).","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12049"},{"key":"79547_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4581.2008.00117.x","volume":"16","author":"HM Al-Qadiri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Qadiri, H. M. et al. Studying of the bacterial growth phases using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. 16, 73 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol."},{"key":"79547_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6791","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.23.6791-6797.1995","volume":"177","author":"T Akerlund","year":"1995","unstructured":"Akerlund, T., Nordstrom, K. & Bernander, R. Analysis of cell size and DNA content in exponentially growing and stationary-phase bath cultures of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 177, 6791 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"79547_CR65","first-page":"105","volume":"9","author":"W Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad, W. Preliminary phytochemical, antimicrobial and photochemical study of Calotropis gigantea leaf extract. Curr. Chem. Lett. 9, 105\u2013112 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"79547_CR66","first-page":"142","volume":"1","author":"SM Patil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patil, S. M. & Saini, R. Antimicrobial activity of flower extracts of Calotropis gigantea. Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 1(4), 142\u2013145 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"79547_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3329\/bjsir.v43i3.1156","volume":"43","author":"MA Alam","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alam, M. A., Habib, M. R., Nikkon, F., Rahman, M. & Karim, M. R. Antimicrobial activity of Akanda (Calotropis gigantea L.) on some pathogenic bacteria. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(3), 397\u2013404 (2008).","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"79547_CR68","first-page":"141","volume":"4","author":"G Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar, G., Karthik, L. & Rao, K. V. B. Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantealeaves\u2014An in vitro study. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 4(2), 141\u2013144 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79547-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79547-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79547-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T21:06:50Z","timestamp":1674940010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79547-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["79547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-79547-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-37393\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"99"}}