{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:25:06Z","timestamp":1790443506883,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Signify Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has devastated global public health systems and economies, with over 52 million people infected, millions of jobs and businesses lost, and more than 1 million deaths recorded to date. Contact with surfaces contaminated with droplets generated by infected persons through exhaling, talking, coughing and sneezing is a major driver of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with the virus being able to survive on surfaces for extended periods of time. To interrupt these chains of transmission, there is an urgent need for devices that can be deployed to inactivate the virus on both recently and existing contaminated surfaces. Here, we describe the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in both wet and dry format using radiation generated by a commercially available Signify ultraviolet (UV)-C light source at 254\u00a0nm. We show that for contaminated surfaces, only seconds of exposure is required for complete inactivation, allowing for easy implementation in decontamination workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79600-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T06:02:38Z","timestamp":1609308158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Rapid and complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by ultraviolet-C irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Storm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay G. A.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sierra N.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca I.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagnachew","family":"Birru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"de Samber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Willaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cennini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"79600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, N. et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382, 727\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017 (2020).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"79600_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, P. et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 579, 270\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"79600_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14857","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009637117","volume":"117","author":"R Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, R. et al. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117, 14857\u201314863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2009637117 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"79600_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16670-2","volume":"11","author":"PY Chia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chia, P. Y. et al. Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients. Nat Commun 11, 2800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-16670-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"79600_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.06.00","volume":"121","author":"MER Darnell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Darnell, M. E. R. et al. Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV. J Virol Methods 121, 85\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.06.00 (2004).","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"79600_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06960-11","volume":"78","author":"JJ McDevitt","year":"2012","unstructured":"McDevitt, J. J. et al. Aerosol susceptibility of influenza virus to UV-C light. Appl Environ Microbiol 78, 1666\u20131669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.06960-11 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"79600_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67211-2","volume":"10","author":"M Buonanno","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buonanno, M. et al. Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses. Sci Rep 10, 10285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-67211-2 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"79600_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr822","volume":"40","author":"A Ariza-Mateos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ariza-Mateos, A. et al. RNA self-cleavage activated by ultraviolet light-induced oxidation. Nucleic Acid Res 40, 1748\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkr822 (2012).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res"},{"key":"79600_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013951313398","volume":"2","author":"WJ Kowalski","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kowalski, W. J. et al. Mathematical modeling of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for air disinfection. Quant Microbiol 2, 249\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1013951313398 (2002).","journal-title":"Quant Microbiol"},{"key":"79600_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.031","volume":"48","author":"CS Heilingloh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heilingloh, C. S. et al. Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 to UV irradiation. Am J Infect Control 48, 1273\u20131275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.031 (2020).","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"79600_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1796529","volume":"9","author":"I Inagaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inagaki, I. et al. Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with deep-UV LED irradiation. 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MdS, GC, DB, and WW are employees of Signify Research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22421"}}