{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:16:56Z","timestamp":1792012616087,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Developmental dyslexia is associated with vision and hearing impairments. Whether these impairments are causes or comorbidities is controversial. Because both senses are heavily involved in reading, cognitive theories argue that sensory impairments are comorbidities that result from a lack of reading practice. Sensory theories instead argue that this is sensory impairments that cause reading disabilities. Here we test a discriminant prediction: whether sensory impairments in developmental dyslexia are restrained to reading-related senses or encompass other senses. Sensory theories predict that all senses are affected, whereas, according to the lack of reading practice argument, cognitive theories predict that only reading-related senses are affected. Using a robotic ergometer and fully automatized analyses, we tested proprioceptive acuity in seventeen dyslexic children and seventeen age-matched controls on a movement detection task. Compared to controls, dyslexics had higher and more variable detection thresholds. For the weakest proprioceptive stimuli, dyslexics were twice as long and twice as variable as controls. More, proprioceptive acuity strongly correlated with reading abilities, as measured by blind cognitive evaluations. These results unravel a new sensory impairment that cannot be attributed to a lack of reading practice, providing clear support to sensory theories of developmental dyslexia. Protocol registration: This protocol is part of the following registration, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03364010; December 6, 2017.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79612-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T06:25:44Z","timestamp":1610346344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Movement detection thresholds reveal proprioceptive impairments in developmental dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1459-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Laprevotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1955-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalambos","family":"Papaxanthis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Saltarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Quercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8827-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremie","family":"Gaveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"79612_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1081","volume":"76","author":"SK Katusic","year":"2001","unstructured":"Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Barbaresi, W. J., Schaid, D. J. & Jacobsen, S. J. Incidence of reading disability in a population-based birth cohort, 1976\u20131982, Rochester, Minn. Mayo Clin. Proc. 76, 1081\u20131092 (2001).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"79612_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007264","volume":"8","author":"EA Boetsch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Boetsch, E. A., Green, P. A. & Pennington, B. F. Psychosocial correlates of dyslexia across the life span. Dev. Psychopathol. 8, 539\u2013562 (1996).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"79612_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16106-0","volume":"363","author":"J-F D\u00e9monet","year":"2004","unstructured":"D\u00e9monet, J.-F., Taylor, M. J. & Chaix, Y. Developmental dyslexia. Lancet 363, 1451\u20131460 (2004).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"79612_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00112","volume":"13","author":"RI Nicolson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicolson, R. I. & Fawcett, A. J. Development of dyslexia: the delayed neural commitment framework. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 13, 1\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4468","key":"79612_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7433985","volume":"210","author":"WJ Lovegrove","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lovegrove, W. J., Bowling, A., Badcock, D. & Blackwood, M. Specific reading disability\u202f: differences in contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency. Science 210(4468), 439\u2013440 (1980).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"79612_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5277.971","volume":"273","author":"N Kraus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kraus, N. et al. Auditory neurophysiologic responses and discrimination deficits in children with learning problems. Science (80-.) 273, 971\u2013973 (1996).","journal-title":"Science (80-.)"},{"key":"79612_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.022","volume":"130","author":"J Stein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stein, J. The current status of the magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 130, 66\u201377 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"79612_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3836","volume":"16","author":"U Goswami","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goswami, U. Sensory theories of developmental dyslexia: three challenges for research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 43\u201354 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"79612_CR9","first-page":"212","volume":"13","author":"F Ramus","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ramus, F. Developmental dyslexia: specific phonological deficit or general sensorimotor dysfunction?. Neurobiology 13, 212\u2013218 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurobiology"},{"key":"79612_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01574-3","volume":"295","author":"CJ Stoodley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stoodley, C. J., Talcott, J. B., Carter, E. L., Witton, C. & Stein, J. F. Selective deficits of vibrotactile sensitivity in dyslexic readers. Neurosci. Lett. 295, 13\u201316 (2000).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"79612_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170036","volume":"8","author":"U Proske","year":"2018","unstructured":"Proske, U. & Gandevia, S. C. Kinesthetic senses. Compr. Physiol. 8, 1157\u20131183 (2018).","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"79612_CR12","first-page":"80","volume":"37","author":"BL Riemann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Riemann, B. L. & Lephart, S. M. The sensorimotor system, part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability. J. Athl. Train. 37, 80\u201384 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"79612_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.03.049","volume":"403","author":"T Pozzo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pozzo, T. et al. Static postural control in children with developmental dyslexia. Neurosci. Lett. 403, 211\u2013215 (2006).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"79612_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-0042-x","volume":"167","author":"CJ Stoodley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stoodley, C. J., Fawcett, A. J., Nicolson, R. I. & Stein, J. F. Impaired balancing ability in dyslexic children. Exp. brain Res. 167, 370\u2013380 (2005).","journal-title":"Exp. brain Res."},{"key":"79612_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1474","volume":"8","author":"AJ Sperling","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sperling, A. J., Lu, Z. L., Manis, F. R. & Seidenberg, M. S. Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in developmental dyslexia. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 862\u2013863 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"79612_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0426-2","volume":"254","author":"J Konczak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konczak, J., Krawczewski, K., Tuite, P. & Maschke, M. The perception of passive motion in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J. Neurol. 254, 655\u2013663 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"79612_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.12.013","volume":"38C","author":"K-Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, K.-Y., Su, W.-J., Fu, H.-W. & Pickett, K. A. Kinesthetic deficit in children with developmental coordination disorder. Res. Dev. Disabil. 38C, 125\u2013133 (2015).","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"79612_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0028-x","volume":"7","author":"S Franceschini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Franceschini, S., Bertoni, S., Gianesini, T., Gori, S. & Facoetti, A. A different vision of dyslexia: local precedence on global perception. Sci. Rep. 7, 1\u201310 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"79612_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.044","volume":"23","author":"S Franceschini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franceschini, S. et al. Action video games make dyslexic children read better. Curr. Biol. 23, 462\u2013466 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"79612_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.013","volume":"22","author":"S Franceschini","year":"2012","unstructured":"Franceschini, S., Gori, S., Ruffino, M., Pedrolli, K. & Facoetti, A. A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition. Curr. Biol. 22, 814\u2013819 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"79612_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12488","volume":"57","author":"JM Carroll","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carroll, J. M., Solity, J. & Shapiro, L. R. Predicting dyslexia using prereading skills: the role of sensorimotor and cognitive abilities. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 57, 750\u2013758 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"79612_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv206","volume":"26","author":"S Gori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gori, S., Seitz, A. R., Ronconi, L., Franceschini, S. & Facoetti, A. Multiple Causal links between magnocellular-dorsal pathway deficit and developmental dyslexia. Cereb. Cortex 26, 4356\u20134369 (2016).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"79612_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.04.018","volume":"130","author":"S Bertoni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bertoni, S., Franceschini, S., Ronconi, L., Gori, S. & Facoetti, A. Is excessive visual crowding causally linked to developmental dyslexia?. Neuropsychologia 130, 107\u2013117 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"79612_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009","volume":"104","author":"ML Bosse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bosse, M. L., Tainturier, M. J. & Valdois, S. Developmental dyslexia: the visual attention span deficit hypothesis. Cognition 104, 198\u2013230 (2007).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"79612_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21232","volume":"22","author":"A Facoetti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Facoetti, A. et al. Multisensory spatial attention deficits are predictive of phonological decoding skills in developmental dyslexia. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 1011\u20131025 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"79612_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2439","volume":"12","author":"MR Cohen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen, M. R. & Maunsell, J. H. Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations. Nat Neurosci. 12, 1594\u20131600 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"79612_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3169-16.2017","volume":"37","author":"JD Downer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Downer, J. D., Rapone, B., Verhein, J., O\u2019Connor, K. N. & Sutter, M. L. Feature-selective attention adaptively shifts noise correlations in primary auditory cortex. J. Neurosci. 37, 5378\u20135392 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"79612_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13982","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13982","volume":"95","author":"P Teitelbaum","year":"1998","unstructured":"Teitelbaum, P., Teitelbaum, O., Nye, J., Fryman, J. & Maurer, R. G. Movement analysis in infancy may be useful for early diagnosis of autism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13982\u201313987 (1998).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"79612_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.514","volume":"11","author":"MW Albers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albers, M. W. et al. At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 11, 70\u201398 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Dement."},{"key":"79612_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90021-6","volume":"21","author":"AM Liberman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Liberman, A. M. & Mattingly, T. H. The motor theory of speech perception revisited. Cognition 21, 1\u201336 (1985).","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"79612_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.6.2608","volume":"73","author":"L Fadiga","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Pavesi, G. & Rizzolatti, G. Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 2608\u20132611 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"79612_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.2.593","volume":"119","author":"V Gallese","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L. & Rizzolatti, G. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119, 593\u2013609 (1996).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"79612_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.1991h","volume":"282","author":"J Moody","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moody, J. Proprioception and the McGurk effect. Science (80-.) 282, 1991 (1998).","journal-title":"Science (80-.)"},{"key":"79612_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810063106","volume":"106","author":"T Ito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ito, T., Tiede, M. & Ostry, D. J. Somatosensory function in speech perception. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 1245\u20131248 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"79612_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12375","volume":"42","author":"S Taylor","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor, S. et al. Does somatosensation change with age in children and adolescents? A systematic review. Child. Care. Health Dev. 42, 809\u2013824 (2016).","journal-title":"Child. Care. Health Dev."},{"key":"79612_CR36","unstructured":"Conners, K. Conners Rating Scales, Manual, 3rd Edition. (2008)."},{"key":"79612_CR37","unstructured":"Marquet-Dol\u00e9ac, J., Soppelsa, R. & Albaret, J. MABC-2\u2014Batterie d\u2019\u00e9valuation du mouvement chez l\u2019enfant - 2nde \u00e9dition. Adaptation Fran\u00e7aise. (Pearson, 2016)."},{"key":"79612_CR38","unstructured":"Lefavrais, P. Alouette-R, Test d\u2019analyse de la vitesse en lecture \u00e0 partir d\u2019un texte. Forme r\u00e9vis\u00e9e. (2005)."},{"key":"79612_CR39","unstructured":"Korkman, M., Kirk, U. & Kemp, S. NEPSY-II, Bilan Neuropsychologique de l\u2019enfant, 2de \u00e9dition. (2012)."},{"key":"79612_CR40","unstructured":"Korkman, M., Kirk, U. & Kemp, S. NEPSY II: clinical and interpretive manual. (2nd ed ed.). (2007)."},{"key":"79612_CR41","unstructured":"Ecalle, J. Tim\u00e9 3, test d\u2019identification de mots \u00e9crits pour enfants de 7 \u00e0 15 ans. (2006)."},{"key":"79612_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.07.017","volume":"34","author":"JAG Lum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lum, J. A. G., Ullman, M. T. & Conti-Ramsden, G. Procedural learning is impaired in dyslexia: evidence from a meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies. Res. Dev. Disabil. 34, 3460\u20133476 (2013).","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"79612_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.325br.x","volume":"508","author":"AK Wise","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wise, A. K., Gregory, J. E. & Proske, U. Detection of movements of the human forearm during and after co-contraction of muscle acting at the elbow joint. J. Physiol. 508, 325\u2013330 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79612-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79612-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79612-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T20:19:40Z","timestamp":1670012380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-79612-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["79612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-79612-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.07.30.20163923","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"299"}}