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Filter feature selection methods based on information theoretic criteria, are well suited to this challenge and will identify a subset of the original variables that should result in more accurate prediction. However, data collected from cohort studies are often high-dimensional genetic data with potential confounders presenting challenges to feature selection and risk prediction machine learning models. Patients with psoriasis are at high risk of developing a chronic arthritis known as psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The prevalence of PsA in this patient group can be up to 30% and the identification of high risk patients represents an important clinical research which would allow early intervention and a reduction of disability. This also provides us with an ideal scenario for the development of clinical risk prediction models and an opportunity to explore the application of information theoretic criteria methods. In this study, we developed the feature selection and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) risk prediction models that were applied to a cross-sectional genetic dataset of 1462 PsA cases and 1132 cutaneous-only psoriasis (PsC) cases using 2-digit HLA alleles imputed using the SNP2HLA algorithm. We also developed stratification method to mitigate the impact of potential confounder features and illustrate that confounding features impact the feature selection. The mitigated dataset was used in training of seven supervised algorithms. 80% of data was randomly used for training of seven supervised machine learning methods using stratified nested cross validation and 20% was selected randomly as a holdout set for internal validation. The risk prediction models were then further validated in UK Biobank dataset containing data on 1187 participants and a set of features overlapping with the training dataset.Performance of these methods has been evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and decision curve analysis(net benefit). The best model is selected based on three criteria: the \u2018lowest number of feature subset\u2019 with the \u2018maximal average AUC over the nested cross validation\u2019 and good generalisability to the UK Biobank dataset. In the original dataset, with over 100 different bootstraps and seven feature selection (FS) methods, HLA_C_*06 was selected as the most informative genetic variant. When the dataset is mitigated the single most important genetic features based on rank was identified as HLA_B_*27 by the seven different feature selection methods, consistent with previous analyses of this data using regression based methods. However, the predictive accuracy of these single features in post mitigation was found to be moderate (AUC= 0.54 (internal cross validation), AUC=0.53 (internal hold out set), AUC=0.55(external data set)). Sequentially adding additional HLA features based on rank improved the performance of the Random Forest classification model where 20 2-digit features selected by Interaction Capping (ICAP) demonstrated (AUC= 0.61 (internal cross validation), AUC=0.57 (internal hold out set), AUC=0.58 (external dataset)). The stratification method for mitigation of confounding features and filter information theoretic feature selection can be applied to a high dimensional dataset with the potential confounders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00854-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T11:03:04Z","timestamp":1638442984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Application of information theoretic feature selection and machine learning methods for the development of genetic risk prediction models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Farideh","family":"Jalali-najafabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Dand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Jadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehreen","family":"Soomro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Marzo-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Helliwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Korendowych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Packham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"BADBIR Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"BSTOP Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Dand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamout, F., Zhu, T. & Clifton, D. 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