{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:26Z","timestamp":1790803586145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with rehabilitation training is emerging as a potential treatment for improving recovery of motor function following stroke. In rats, VNS paired with skilled forelimb training results in significant reorganization of the somatotopic cortical motor map; however, the mechanisms underlying this form of VNS-dependent plasticity remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that VNS-driven cortical plasticity is dependent on noradrenergic innervation of the neocortex. In the central nervous system, noradrenergic \u03b12 receptors (\u03b12-ARs) are widely expressed in the motor cortex and have been critically implicated in synaptic communication and plasticity. In current study, we examined whether activation of cortical \u03b12-ARs is necessary for VNS-driven motor cortical reorganization to occur. Consistent with previous studies, we found that VNS paired with motor training enlarges the map representation of task-relevant musculature in the motor cortex. Infusion of \u03b12-AR antagonists into M1 blocked VNS-driven motor map reorganization from occurring. Our results suggest that local \u03b12-AR activation is required for VNS-induced cortical reorganization to occur, providing insight into the mechanisms that may underlie the neuroplastic effects of VNS therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00976-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]],"date-time":"2021-11-04T11:37:43Z","timestamp":1636025863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Local activation of \u03b12 adrenergic receptors is required for vagus nerve stimulation induced motor cortical plasticity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ching-Tzu","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon J.","family":"Gaulding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canice Lei E.","family":"Dancel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Thorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"976_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315616494","volume":"30","author":"N Khodaparast","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khodaparast, N. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves forelimb recovery after chronic ischemic stroke in rats. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 30, 676\u2013684 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair."},{"key":"976_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32058","volume":"7","author":"PD Ganzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ganzer, P. D. et al. Closed-loop neuromodulation restores network connectivity and motor control after spinal cord injury. Elife 7, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"976_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006654","author":"SA Hays","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hays, S. A. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006654 (2014).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"976_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13695-0","volume":"10","author":"EC Meyers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meyers, E. C. et al. Enhancing plasticity in central networks improves motor and sensory recovery after nerve damage. Nat. Commun. 10, 1\u201314 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"976_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019202","volume":"49","author":"EC Meyers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyers, E. C. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation enhances stable plasticity and generalization of stroke recovery. Stroke 49, 710\u2013717 (2018).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"976_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3972","volume":"33","author":"DT Pruitt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pruitt, D. T. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation delivered with motor training enhances recovery of function after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 33, 871\u2013879 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"976_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010477","volume":"47","author":"J Dawson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dawson, J. et al. Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation paired with upper-limb rehabilitation after ischemic stroke. Stroke 47, 143\u2013150 (2016).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"976_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.022279","volume":"49","author":"TJ Kimberley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kimberley, T. J. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation paired with upper limb rehabilitation after chronic stroke: A blinded randomized pilot study. Stroke 49, 2789\u20132792 (2018).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"976_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr316","volume":"22","author":"BA Porter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Porter, B. A. et al. Repeatedly pairing vagus nerve stimulation with a movement reorganizes primary motor cortex. Cereb. Cortex 22, 2365\u20132374 (2012).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"976_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.12.007","volume":"9","author":"DR Hulsey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hulsey, D. R. et al. Reorganization of motor cortex by vagus nerve stimulation requires cholinergic innervation. Brain Stimul. 9, 174\u2013181 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"976_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.112975","volume":"320","author":"DR Hulsey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hulsey, D. R., Shedd, C. M., Sarker, S. F., Kilgard, M. P. & Hays, S. A. Norepinephrine and serotonin are required for vagus nerve stimulation directed cortical plasticity. Exp. Neurol. 320, 112975 (2019).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"976_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.10.017","volume":"12","author":"RA Morrison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morrison, R. A. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation intensity influences motor cortex plasticity. Brain Stimul. 12, 256\u2013262 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"976_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00072","volume":"11","author":"C Vitrac","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vitrac, C. & Benoit-Marandmarianne, M. Monoaminergic modulation of motor cortex function. Front. Neural Circuits 11, 66 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"976_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.013","volume":"76","author":"KP Lesch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lesch, K. P. & Waider, J. Serotonin in the modulation of neural plasticity and networks: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron 76, 175\u2013191 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"976_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.01.033","volume":"1641","author":"H Salgado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salgado, H., Trevi\u00f1o, M. & Atzori, M. Layer- and area-specific actions of norepinephrine on cortical synaptic transmission. Brain Res. 1641, 163\u2013176 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00026-X","volume":"111","author":"Q Gu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gu, Q. Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience 111, 815\u2013835 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"976_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(00)00259-X","volume":"115","author":"DD Rasmusson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rasmusson, D. D. The role of acetylcholine in cortical synaptic plasticity. Behav. Brain Res. 115, 205\u2013218 (2000).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.235219","volume":"13","author":"E O\u2019neill","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019neill, E. & Harkin, A. Targeting the noradrenergic system for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neural Regener. Res. 13, 1332\u20131337 (2018).","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"key":"976_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.104166","volume":"318","author":"AE Dorr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dorr, A. E. & Debonnel, G. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on serotonergic and noradrenergic transmission. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 318, 890\u2013898 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"976_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.045","volume":"1179","author":"P Follesa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Follesa, P. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation increases norepinephrine concentration and the gene expression of BDNF and bFGF in the rat brain. Brain Res. 1179, 28\u201334 (2007).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.07.020","volume":"70","author":"H Furmaga","year":"2011","unstructured":"Furmaga, H., Shah, A. & Frazer, A. Serotonergic and noradrenergic pathways are required for the anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like behavioral effects of repeated vagal nerve stimulation in rats. Biol. Psychiatry 70, 937\u2013945 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"976_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01155.x","volume":"39","author":"SE Krahl","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krahl, S. E., Clark, K. B., Smith, D. C. & Browning, R. A. Locus coeruleus lesions suppress the seizure-attenuating effects of vagus nerve stimulation. Epilepsia 39, 709\u2013714 (1998).","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"976_CR23","first-page":"272","volume":"34","author":"S Manta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Manta, S., Dong, J., Debonnel, G. & Blier, P. Enhancement of the function of rat serotonin and norepinephrine neurons by sustained vagus nerve stimulation. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 34, 272\u2013280 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2011.07214.x","volume":"117","author":"R Raedt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raedt, R. et al. Increased hippocampal noradrenaline is a biomarker for efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in a limbic seizure model. J. Neurochem. 117, 461\u2013469 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"976_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.12.005","volume":"289","author":"DR Hulsey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hulsey, D. R. et al. Parametric characterization of neural activity in the locus coeruleus in response to vagus nerve stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 289, 21\u201330 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"976_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.048","volume":"1119","author":"RW Roosevelt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roosevelt, R. W., Smith, D. C., Clough, R. W., Jensen, R. A. & Browning, R. A. Increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine in cortex and hippocampus following vagus nerve stimulation in the rat. Brain Res. 1119, 124\u2013132 (2006).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.05.002","volume":"68","author":"A Grimonprez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grimonprez, A. et al. The antidepressant-like effect of vagus nerve stimulation is mediated through the locus coeruleus. J. Psychiatr. Res. 68, 1\u20137 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"976_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0813-4","volume":"18","author":"RS Eldholm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eldholm, R. S. et al. Association between vascular comorbidity and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A two-year observational study in Norwegian memory clinics. BMC Geriatr. 18, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"976_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0192-4","volume":"12","author":"F Bunn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bunn, F. et al. Comorbidity and dementia: A scoping review of the literature. BMC Med. 12, 192 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"976_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonard, B. E. Noradrenaline in basic models of depression. in European Neuropsychopharmacology vol. 7 S11\u2013S16 (Elsevier, 1997).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(97)00415-X"},{"key":"976_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.036","volume":"69","author":"N Del Campo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Del Campo, N., Chamberlain, S. R., Sahakian, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiat. 69, e145\u2013e157 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"976_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0050157","volume":"77","author":"K Starke","year":"1977","unstructured":"Starke, K. Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 77, 1\u2013124 (1977).","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.103","author":"C Labarrera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Labarrera, C. et al. Adrenergic modulation regulates the dendritic excitability of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in vivo. Cell Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.103 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"976_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.141671","author":"DB Carr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carr, D. B., Andrews, G. D., Glen, W. B. & Lavin, A. alpha2-Noradrenergic receptors activation enhances excitability and synaptic integration in rat prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons via inhibition of HCN currents. J. Physiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.141671 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"976_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00943.2007","volume":"99","author":"AMI Barth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barth, A. M. I., Vizi, E. S., Zelles, T. & Lendvai, B. \u03b12-Adrenergic receptors modify dendritic spike generation via HCN channels in the prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 394\u2013401 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"976_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.22-19-08771.2002","author":"JS Franowicz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franowicz, J. S. et al. Mutation of the \u03b1 2A-adrenoceptor impairs working memory performance and annuls cognitive enhancement by guanfacine. J. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.22-19-08771.2002 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00070-6","volume":"21","author":"BM Li","year":"1999","unstructured":"Li, B. M., Mao, Z. M., Wang, M. & Mei, Z. T. Alpha-2 adrenergic modulation of prefrontal cortical neuronal activity related to spatial working memory in monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 21, 601\u2013610 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"976_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.015","author":"M Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. \u03b12A-adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex. Cell https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.015 (2007).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"976_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.12.022","volume":"214","author":"SA Hays","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hays, S. A. et al. The bradykinesia assessment task: An automated method to measure forelimb speed in rodents. J. Neurosci. Methods 214, 52\u201361 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"976_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147099","volume":"1748","author":"CT Tseng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tseng, C. T., Brougher, J., Gaulding, S. J., Hassan, B. S. & Thorn, C. A. Vagus nerve stimulation promotes cortical reorganization and reduces task-dependent calorie intake in male and female rats. Brain Res. 1748, 66 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(71)90098-7","volume":"15","author":"R Papeschi","year":"1971","unstructured":"Papeschi, R., Sourkes, T. L. & Youdim, M. B. H. The effect of yohimbine on brain serotonin metabolism, motor behavior and body temperature of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 15, 318\u2013326 (1971).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00498509","volume":"321","author":"B Rouot","year":"1982","unstructured":"Rouot, B., Quennedey, M. C. & Schwartz, J. Characteristics of the [3H]-yohimbine binding on rat brain \u03b12. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 321, 253\u2013259 (1982).","journal-title":"Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(200002)35:2<79::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-X","author":"MJ Millan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Millan, M. J. et al. Agonist and antagonist actions of yohimbine as compared to fluparoxan at \u03b12-adrenergic receptors (AR)s, serotonin (5-HT)(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D) and dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Significance for the modulation of frontocortical monoaminergic transmission. Synapse https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(200002)35:2%3c79::AID-SYN1%3e3.0.CO;2-X (2000).","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"976_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01521-5","volume":"6","author":"S Uhl\u00e9n","year":"1998","unstructured":"Uhl\u00e9n, S. et al. [3H]RS79948-197 binding to human, rat, guinea pig and pig \u03b1(2A)-, \u03b1(2B)- and \u03b1(2C)-adrenoceptors. Comparison with MK912, RX821002, rauwolscine and yohimbine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 6, 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0014-2999(97)01521-5 (1998).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00710-8","volume":"317","author":"SP Hume","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hume, S. P. et al. Evaluation in rat of RS-79948-197 as a potential PET ligand for central \u03b12-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 317, 67\u201373 (1996).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48164.x","volume":"812","author":"CM Milligan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Milligan, C. M. et al. [3H]-RS-79948-197, a high affinity radioligand selective for \u03b12-adrenoceptor subtypes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 812, 176\u2013177 (1997).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"976_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.07.008","volume":"20","author":"JE Ortega","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ortega, J. E., Fern\u00e1ndez-Pastor, B., Callado, L. F. & Meana, J. J. In vivo potentiation of reboxetine and citalopram effect on extracellular noradrenaline in rat brain by \u03b12-adrenoceptor antagonism. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 20, 813\u2013822 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.12.056","volume":"159","author":"JA Hosp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hosp, J. A., Molina-Luna, K., Hertler, B., Atiemo, C. O. & Luft, A. R. dopaminergic modulation of motor maps in rat motor cortex: An in vivo study. Neuroscience 159, 692\u2013700 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"976_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4988","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4241-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"K Scullion","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scullion, K. et al. Serotonin 1A receptors alter expression of movement representations. J. Neurosci. 33, 4988\u20134999 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.038","author":"A Reed","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reed, A. et al. Cortical map plasticity improves learning but is not necessary for improved performance. Neuron https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.02.038 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"976_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/2.3.181","author":"GH Recanzone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Recanzone, G. H., Merzenich, M. M. & Dinse, H. R. Expansion of the cortical representation of a specific skin field in primary somatosensory cortex by intracortical microstimulation. Cereb. Cortex https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/2.3.181 (1992).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"976_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00288-5","author":"JM Conner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Conner, J. M., Culberson, A., Packowski, C., Chiba, A. A. & Tuszynski, M. H. Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system impair task acquisition and abolish cortical plasticity associated with motor skill learning. Neuron https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00288-5 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"976_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq022","author":"JM Conner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Conner, J. M., Kulczycki, M. & Tuszynski, M. H. Unique contributions of distinct cholinergic projections to motor cortical plasticity and learning. Cereb. Cortex https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhq022 (2010).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"976_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.004","author":"J Doyon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Doyon, J. & Benali, H. Reorganization and plasticity in the adult brain during learning of motor skills. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2005.03.004 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"976_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.018","author":"K Molina-Luna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Molina-Luna, K., Hertler, B., Buitrago, M. M. & Luft, A. R. Motor learning transiently changes cortical somatotopy. Neuroimage https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.11.018 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"976_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858405278015","volume":"11","author":"MH Monfils","year":"2005","unstructured":"Monfils, M. H., Plautz, E. J. & Kleim, J. A. In search of the motor engram: Motor map plasticity as a mechanism for encoding motor experience. Neuroscientist 11, 471\u2013483 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"976_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/871296","author":"JA Hosp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hosp, J. A. & Luft, A. R. Cortical plasticity during motor learning and recovery after ischemic stroke. Neural Plast. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/871296 (2011).","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"976_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-00396-7","author":"MT Joy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joy, M. T. & Carmichael, S. T. Encouraging an excitable brain state: mechanisms of brain repair in stroke. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-00396-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.04.006","author":"N Okabe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okabe, N. et al. Constraint-induced movement therapy improves efficacy of task-specific training after severe cortical stroke depending on the ipsilesional corticospinal projections. Exp. Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.04.006 (2018).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"976_CR60","first-page":"66","volume":"69","author":"K Starke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Starke, K., Gijthert, M. & Kilbinger, H. Modulation of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic autoreceptors. Reviews 69, 66 (1989).","journal-title":"Reviews"},{"key":"976_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.018","volume":"9","author":"MS Borland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borland, M. S. et al. Cortical map plasticity as a function of vagus nerve stimulation intensity. Brain Stimul. 9, 117\u2013123 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"976_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.023","volume":"73","author":"SY Huang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huang, S. Y. et al. Pull-Push neuromodulation of LTP and LTD enables bidirectional experience-induced synaptic scaling in visual cortex. Neuron 73, 497\u2013510 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"976_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90420-C","volume":"137","author":"AV Nowicky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nowicky, A. V., Christofi, G. & Bindman, L. J. Investigation of \u03b2-adrenergic modulation of synaptic transmission and postsynaptic induction of associative LTP in layer V neurones in slices of rat sensorimotor cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 137, 270\u2013273 (1992).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"976_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00417","volume":"2","author":"H Salgado","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salgado, H., K\u00f6hr, G. & Trev\u0129o, M. Noradrenergic tone determines dichotomous control of cortical spike-timing-dependent plasticity. Sci. Rep. 2, 66 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"976_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.11.020","volume":"137","author":"EP Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim, E. P., Dawe, G. S. & Jay, T. M. Activation of beta- and alpha-2-adrenoceptors in the basolateral amygdala has opposing effects on hippocampal-prefrontal long-term potentiation. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 137, 163\u2013170 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"976_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00232.2011","author":"PL Sheets","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sheets, P. L. et al. Corticospinal-specific HCN expression in mouse motor cortex: Ih-dependent synaptic integration as a candidate microcircuit mechanism involved in motor control. J. Neurophysiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00232.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"976_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.01.052","volume":"167","author":"MU Inyushin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Inyushin, M. U., Arencibia-Albite, F., V\u00e1zquez-Torres, R., V\u00e9lez-Hern\u00e1ndez, M. E. & Jim\u00e9nez-Rivera, C. A. Alpha-2 noradrenergic receptor activation inhibits the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) in neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 167, 287\u2013297 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"976_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.04.036","volume":"854","author":"J Won","year":"2019","unstructured":"Won, J., Lee, P. R. & Oh, S. B. Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz directly inhibits hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels in mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 854, 320\u2013327 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.11.015","author":"D Tsay","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsay, D., Dudman, J. T. & Siegelbaum, S. A. HCN1 channels constrain synaptically evoked Ca2+ spikes in distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Neuron https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.11.015 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"976_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.11.020","author":"MF Nolan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nolan, M. F. et al. A behavioral role for dendritic integration: HCN1 channels constrain spatial memory and plasticity at inputs to distal dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Cell https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2004.11.020 (2004).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"976_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06622.x","volume":"113","author":"C Se","year":"2010","unstructured":"Se, C. & Ej, M. Noradrenaline activation of neurotrophic pathways protects against neuronal amyloid toxicity. J. Neurochem. 113, 649\u2013660 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"976_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.09.054","volume":"626","author":"EN McNamee","year":"2010","unstructured":"McNamee, E. N., Ryan, K. M., Kilroy, D. & Connor, T. J. Noradrenaline induces IL-1ra and IL-1 type II receptor expression in primary glial cells and protects against IL-1\u03b2-induced neurotoxicity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 626, 219\u2013228 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"976_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(99)00032-7","volume":"35","author":"C Culmsee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Culmsee, C., Semkova, I. & Krieglstein, J. NGF mediates the neuroprotective effect of the \u03b22-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol in vitro and in vivo: evidence from an NGF-antisense study. Neurochem. Int. 35(1), 47\u201357 (1999).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"976_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112080","volume":"373","author":"AQ Farrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farrand, A. Q. et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation are mediated in part by TrkB in a Parkinson\u2019s disease model. Behav. Brain Res. 373, 1120\u201380 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.06.078","volume":"13","author":"AQ Farrand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farrand, A. Q. et al. Differential effects of vagus nerve stimulation paradigms guide clinical development for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Stimul. 13, 1323\u20131332 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"976_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0417-z","volume":"13","author":"SA Hays","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hays, S. A. Enhancing rehabilitative therapies with vagus nerve stimulation. Neurotherapeutics 13, 66 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"976_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09656","volume":"470","author":"ND Engineer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Engineer, N. D. et al. Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity. Nature 470, 101\u2013106 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"976_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00832.2018","volume":"122","author":"MS Borland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borland, M. S. et al. Pairing vagus nerve stimulation with tones drives plasticity across the auditory pathway. J. Neurophysiol. 122, 659\u2013671 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"976_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.10.026","volume":"233","author":"JA Shetake","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shetake, J. A., Engineer, N. D., Vrana, W. A., Wolf, J. T. & Kilgard, M. P. Pairing tone trains with vagus nerve stimulation induces temporal plasticity in auditory cortex. Exp. Neurol. 233, 342\u2013349 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"976_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.408","volume":"8","author":"CT Engineer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Engineer, C. T., Engineer, N. D., Riley, J. R., Seale, J. D. & Kilgard, M. P. Pairing speech sounds with vagus nerve stimulation drives stimulus-specific cortical plasticity. Brain Stimul. 8, 637\u2013644 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"976_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000154","author":"SA Hays","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hays, S. A. et al. The timing and amount of vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training affect poststroke recovery of forelimb strength. NeuroReport https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000154 (2014).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"976_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1995.1024","volume":"63","author":"KB Clark","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clark, K. B., Krahl, S. E., Smith, D. C. & Jensen, R. A. Post-training unilateral vagal stimulation enhances retention performance in the rat. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 63, 213\u2013216 (1995).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"976_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3863","volume":"70","author":"KB Clark","year":"1998","unstructured":"Clark, K. B. et al. Posttraining electrical stimulation of vagal afferents with concomitant vagal efferent inactivation enhances memory storage processes in the rat. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 70, 364\u2013373 (1998).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"976_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/4600","volume":"2","author":"KB Clark","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clark, K. B., Naritoku, D. K., Smith, D. C., Browning, R. A. & Jensen, R. A. Enhanced recognition memory following vagus nerve stimulation in human subjects. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 94\u201398 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnn.0000213908.34278.7d","volume":"19","author":"GA Ghacibeh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ghacibeh, G. A., Shenker, J. I., Shenal, B., Uthman, B. M. & Heilman, K. M. The influence of vagus nerve stimulation on memory. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 19, 119\u2013122 (2006).","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"976_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.11.009","volume":"90","author":"Y Zuo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zuo, Y., Smith, D. C. & Jensen, R. A. Vagus nerve stimulation potentiates hippocampal LTP in freely-moving rats. Physiol. Behav. 90, 583\u2013589 (2007).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"976_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.11.024","volume":"1492","author":"H Ura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ura, H. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation induced long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission and decreased granule cell discharge in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of urethane-anesthetized rats. Brain Res. 1492, 63\u201371 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709000200","volume":"12","author":"F Biggio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Biggio, F. et al. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation induces neuronal plasticity in the rat hippocampus. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 12, 1209 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.08.012","volume":"214","author":"D Revesz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Revesz, D., Tjernstrom, M., Ben-Menachem, E. & Thorlin, T. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on rat hippocampal progenitor proliferation. Exp. Neurol. 214, 259\u2013265 (2008).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"976_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.12.004","volume":"28","author":"OF O\u2019Leary","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, O. F. et al. The vagus nerve modulates BDNF expression and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 28, 307\u2013316 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"976_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.021","author":"DF Pe\u00f1a","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, D. F., Engineer, N. D. & McIntyre, C. K. Rapid remission of conditioned fear expression with extinction training paired with vagus nerve stimulation. Biol. Psychiatry https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.021 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"976_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00327","author":"DF Pe\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, D. F. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation enhances extinction of conditioned fear and modulates plasticity in the pathway from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the Amygdala. Front. Behav. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00327 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.043539.116","author":"JE Childs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Childs, J. E., DeLeon, J., Nickel, E. & Kroener, S. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces cocaine seeking and alters plasticity in the extinction network. Learn. Mem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/lm.043539.116 (2017).","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"976_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.08.002","volume":"60","author":"N Khodaparast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khodaparast, N. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation during rehabilitative training improves forelimb strength following ischemic stroke. Neurobiol. Dis. 60, 66 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"976_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/2529712","volume":"31","author":"SJ Pocock","year":"1975","unstructured":"Pocock, S. J. & Simon, R. Sequential treatment assignment with balancing for prognostic factors in the controlled clinical trial. Biometrics 31, 103 (1975).","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"976_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314521006","volume":"28","author":"N Khodaparast","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khodaparast, N. et al. Vagus nerve stimulation delivered during motor rehabilitation improves recovery in a rat model of stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 28, 698\u2013706 (2014).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"976_CR97","first-page":"66","volume":"2015","author":"JE Childs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Childs, J. E., Alvarez-Dieppa, A. C., McIntyre, C. K. & Kroener, S. Vagus nerve stimulation as a tool to induce plasticity in pathways relevant for extinction learning. J. Vis. Exp. 2015, 66 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"976_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/mps2010019","volume":"2","author":"M Rios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rios, M. et al. Protocol for construction of rat nerve stimulation cuff electrodes. Methods Protoc. 2, 19 (2019).","journal-title":"Methods Protoc."},{"key":"976_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/61128","author":"CA Sanchez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanchez, C. A., Brougher, J., Rahebi, K. C. & Thorn, C. A. Preparation of peripheral nerve stimulation electrodes for chronic implantation in rats. J. Vis. Exp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/61128 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"976_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1973.53.1.159","volume":"53","author":"AS Paintal","year":"1973","unstructured":"Paintal, A. S. Vagal sensory receptors and their reflex effects. Physiol. Rev. 53, 159\u2013227 (1973).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"976_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(05)80034-2","volume":"62","author":"BM Li","year":"1994","unstructured":"Li, B. M. & Mei, Z. T. Delayed-response deficit induced by local injection of the \u03b12-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in young adult monkeys. Behav. Neural Biol. 62, 134\u2013139 (1994).","journal-title":"Behav. Neural Biol."},{"key":"976_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00125","author":"MS Caetano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Caetano, M. S. et al. Noradrenergic control of error perseveration in medial prefrontal cortex. Front. Integr. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnint.2012.00125 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.06.012","volume":"90","author":"AE Elliott","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elliott, A. E. & Packard, M. G. Intra-amygdala anxiogenic drug infusion prior to retrieval biases rats towards the use of habit memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 90, 616\u2013623 (2008).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"976_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.05.002","volume":"193","author":"JC Wingard","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wingard, J. C. & Packard, M. G. The amygdala and emotional modulation of competition between cognitive and habit memory. Behav. Brain Res. 193, 126\u2013131 (2008).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"976_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107731","author":"I Horrillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Horrillo, I., Ortega, J. E., Diez-Alarcia, R., Urig\u00fcen, L. & Meana, J. J. Chronic fluoxetine reverses the effects of chronic corticosterone treatment on \u03b12-adrenoceptors in the rat frontal cortex but not locus coeruleus. Neuropharmacology https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107731 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"976_CR106","first-page":"243","volume":"66","author":"B Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, B., Wang, Y., Wu, Q., Huang, H. & Li, S. Effects of \u03b12A adrenoceptors on norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus during chronic stress-induced depression. Front. Neurosci. 66, 243 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"976_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mckinney, W. Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python (2010).","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-00a"},{"key":"976_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0686-2","volume":"17","author":"P Virtanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virtanen, P. et al. SciPy 10: Fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python. Nat. Methods 17, 261\u2013272 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"976_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabold, S. & Perktold, J. Statsmodels: Econometric and Statistical Modeling with Python Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference. http:\/\/statsmodels.sourceforge.net\/ (2010).","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-00976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-00976-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-00976-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T16:57:43Z","timestamp":1670086663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-00976-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-00976-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21645"}}