{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:44:28Z","timestamp":1779194668311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019R1F1A1053841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1F1A1053841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Migraine neither presents with a definitive single symptom nor has a distinct biomarker; thus, its diagnosis is based on combinations of typical symptoms. We aimed to identify natural subgroups of migraine based on symptoms listed in the diagnostic criteria of the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to the data of the Korean Sleep-Headache Study, a nationwide population-based survey. We selected a three-class model based on Akaike and Bayesian information criteria and characterized the three identified classes as \u201cmild and low frequency,\u201d \u201cphotophobia and phonophobia,\u201d and \u201csevere and high frequency.\u201d In total, 52.0% (65\/125) of the participants were classified as \u201cmild and low frequency,\u201d showing the highest frequency of mild headache intensity but the lowest overall headache frequency. Meanwhile, \u201cphotophobia and phonophobia\u201d involved 33.6% (42\/125) of the participants, who showed the highest frequency of photophobia and phonophobia. Finally, \u201csevere and high frequency\u201d included 14.4% (18\/125) of the participants, and they presented the highest frequency of severe headache intensity and highest headache frequency. In conclusion, LCA is useful for analyzing the heterogeneity of migraine symptoms and identifying migraine subtypes. This approach may improve our understanding of the clinical characterization of migraine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01107-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T11:04:18Z","timestamp":1635937458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Classifying migraine subtypes and their characteristics by latent class analysis using data of a nation-wide population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wonwoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In Kyung","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang Ik","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daeyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Ho","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min Kyung","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1107_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30322-3","volume":"17","author":"LJ Stovner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stovner, L. J. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 17, 954\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(18)30322-3 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"1107_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","volume":"38","author":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS)","year":"2018","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia 38, 1\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102417738202 (2018).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.03.009","volume":"23","author":"E Feczko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feczko, E. et al. The heterogeneity problem: Approaches to identify psychiatric subtypes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 23, 584\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2019.03.009 (2019).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"1107_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30749","volume":"147B","author":"L Ligthart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ligthart, L. et al. A genome-wide linkage scan provides evidence for both new and previously reported loci influencing common migraine. Am. J. Med. Genet. B 147B, 1186\u20131195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.b.30749 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B"},{"key":"1107_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410363492","volume":"30","author":"L Ligthart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ligthart, L. et al. Migraine symptomatology and major depressive disorder. Cephalalgia 30, 1073\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102410363492 (2010).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.03.003","volume":"82","author":"V Anttila","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anttila, V. et al. Consistently replicating locus linked to migraine on 10q22-q23. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 82, 1051\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.03.003 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1107_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0652-7","volume":"125","author":"CC Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, C. C., Mengersen, K. L., Keith, J. M., Martin, N. G. & Nyholt, D. R. Linkage and heritability analysis of migraine symptom groupings: A comparison of three different clustering methods on twin data. Hum. Genet. 125, 591\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-009-0652-7 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1107_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-009-0671-4","volume":"126","author":"CC Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen, C. C., Keith, J. M., Nyholt, D. R., Martin, N. G. & Mengersen, K. L. Bayesian latent trait modeling of migraine symptom data. Hum. Genet. 126, 277\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-009-0671-4 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1107_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1086\/444510","volume":"77","author":"DR Nyholt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nyholt, D. R. et al. Genomewide significant linkage to migrainous headache on chromosome 5q21. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77, 500\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/444510 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"1107_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12332","volume":"54","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lipton, R. B. et al. Improving the classification of migraine subtypes: An empirical approach based on factor mixture models in the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study. Headache 54, 830\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.12332 (2014).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13342","volume":"58","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lipton, R. B. et al. Identifying natural subgroups of migraine based on comorbidity and concomitant condition profiles: Results of the chronic migraine epidemiology and outcomes (CaMEO) study. Headache 58, 933\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.13342 (2018).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050025004","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kendler, K. S. et al. The identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53, 391\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050025004 (1996).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1107_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.10311","volume":"26","author":"DR Nyholt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nyholt, D. R. et al. Latent class and genetic analysis does not support migraine with aura and migraine without aura as separate entities. Genet. Epidemiol. 26, 231\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gepi.10311 (2004).","journal-title":"Genet. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1107_CR14","volume-title":"Latent Structure Analysis","author":"PF Lazarsfeld","year":"1968","unstructured":"Lazarsfeld, P. F. & Henry, N. W. Latent Structure Analysis (Houghton Mifflin, 1968)."},{"key":"1107_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411401635","volume":"31","author":"M Schurks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schurks, M., Buring, J. E. & Kurth, T. Migraine features, associated symptoms and triggers: A principal component analysis in the Women\u2019s Health Study. Cephalalgia 31, 861\u2013869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102411401635 (2011).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.617472","volume":"11","author":"J Kossowsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kossowsky, J. et al. Association of genetic variants with migraine subclassified by clinical symptoms in adult females. Front. Neurol. 11, 617472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.617472 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"1107_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00766.x","volume":"24","author":"L Kelman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kelman, L. The place of osmophobia and taste abnormalities in migraine classification: A tertiary care study of 1237 patients. Cephalalgia 24, 940\u2013946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00766.x (2004).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412461401","volume":"32","author":"YF Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, Y. F., Fuh, J. L., Chen, S. P., Wu, J. C. & Wang, S. J. Clinical correlates and diagnostic utility of osmophobia in migraine. Cephalalgia 32, 1180\u20131188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102412461401 (2012).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12651","volume":"56","author":"G Demarquay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Demarquay, G. & Mauguiere, F. Central nervous system underpinnings of sensory hypersensitivity in migraine: Insights from neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies. Headache 56, 1418\u20131438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.12651 (2016).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01544.x","volume":"50","author":"KM Sauro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sauro, K. M. et al. HIT-6 and MIDAS as measures of headache disability in a headache referral population. Headache 50, 383\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01544.x (2010).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.47.1.52","volume":"47","author":"WF Stewart","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stewart, W. F., Lipton, R. B. & Liberman, J. Variation in migraine prevalence by race. Neurology 47, 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.47.1.52 (1996).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1107_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0077-z","volume":"9","author":"MB Russell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Russell, M. B., Kristiansen, H. A., Saltyte-Benth, J. & Kvaerner, K. J. A cross-sectional population-based survey of migraine and headache in 21,177 Norwegians: The Akershus sleep apnea project. J. Headache Pain 9, 339\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10194-008-0077-z (2008).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"1107_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00085.x","volume":"20","author":"SJ Wang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wang, S. J., Fuh, J. L., Young, Y. H., Lu, S. R. & Shia, B. C. Prevalence of migraine in Taipei, Taiwan: A population-based survey. Cephalalgia 20, 566\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00085.x (2000).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04004.x","volume":"44","author":"T Takeshima","year":"2004","unstructured":"Takeshima, T. et al. Population-based door-to-door survey of migraine in Japan: The Daisen study. Headache 44, 8\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04004.x (2004).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90147-2","volume":"44","author":"BK Rasmussen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rasmussen, B. K., Jensen, R., Schroll, M. & Olesen, J. Epidemiology of headache in a general population: A prevalence study. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 44, 1147\u20131157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0895-4356(91)90147-2 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1107_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3805356.x","volume":"38","author":"JK Roh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roh, J. K., Kim, J. S. & Ahn, Y. O. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of migraine and tension-type headache in Korea. Headache 38, 356\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1998.3805356.x (1998).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x","volume":"49","author":"A Radtke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Radtke, A. & Neuhauser, H. Prevalence and burden of headache and migraine in Germany. Headache 49, 79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x (2009).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149577","volume":"11","author":"JW Park","year":"2016","unstructured":"Park, J. W., Chu, M. K., Kim, J. M., Park, S. G. & Cho, S. J. Analysis of trigger factors in episodic migraineurs using a smartphone headache diary applications. PLoS ONE 11, e0149577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0149577 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1107_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000176","volume":"4","author":"K Nylund-Gibson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nylund-Gibson, K. & Ten Choi, A. Y. frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci. 4, 440\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tps0000176 (2018).","journal-title":"Transl. Issues Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"1107_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00920","volume":"5","author":"IC Wurpts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wurpts, I. C. & Geiser, C. Is adding more indicators to a latent class analysis beneficial or detrimental? Results of a Monte-Carlo study. Front. Psychol. 5, 920\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00920 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1107_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798420930932","volume":"46","author":"BE Weller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weller, B. E., Bowen, N. K. & Faubert, S. J. Latent class analysis: A guide to best practice. J. Black Psychol. 46, 287\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0095798420930932 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Black Psychol."},{"key":"1107_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.1.77","volume":"17","author":"KM Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, K. M. et al. Prevalence, disability, and management patterns of migraine in Korea: Nationwide survey data from 2009 and 2018. J. Clin. Neurol. 17, 77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3988\/jcn.2021.17.1.77 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"1107_CR33","unstructured":"Korea & Statistics. Korean Statistical Information Service, Statistical Database, Population, Households and Housing Unit, http:\/\/kosis.kr\/eng\/statisticsList\/statisticsListIndex.do?menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ETITLE&parmTabId=M_01_01&statId=1962001&themaId=#SelectStatsBoxDiv. (2018)."},{"key":"1107_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00955.x","volume":"25","author":"MK Eriksen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eriksen, M. K., Thomsen, L. L. & Olesen, J. The visual aura rating scale (VARS) for migraine aura diagnosis. Cephalalgia 25, 801\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00955.x (2005).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14133","author":"BK Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, B. K., Cho, S., Kim, H. Y. & Chu, M. K. Validity and reliability of the self-administered visual aura rating scale questionnaire for migraine with aura diagnosis: A prospective clinic-based study. Headache https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/head.14133 (2021).","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1107_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00305-5","volume":"88","author":"WF Stewart","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stewart, W. F. et al. Validity of the migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score in comparison to a diary-based measure in a population sample of migraine sufferers. Pain 88, 41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00305-5 (2000).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1107_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410379890","volume":"31","author":"M Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, M., Rendas-Baum, R., Varon, S. F. & Kosinski, M. Validation of the headache impact test (HIT-6) across episodic and chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 31, 357\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102410379890 (2011).","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"1107_CR38","first-page":"287","volume":"18","author":"HS Lee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lee, H. S., Chung, C. S., Song, H. J. & Park, H. S. The reliability and validity of the MIDAS (migraine disability assessment) questionnaire for Korean migraine sufferers. J. Korean Neurol. Assoc. 18, 287\u2013291 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurol. Assoc."},{"key":"1107_CR39","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"M-K Chu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chu, M.-K. et al. Validity and reliability assessment of Korean headache impact test-6 (HIT-6). J. Korean Neurol. Assoc. 27, 1\u20136 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurol. Assoc."},{"key":"1107_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","volume":"146","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Monahan, P. O. & Lowe, B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann. Intern. Med. 146, 317\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004 (2007).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1107_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00127","volume":"10","author":"JK Ahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahn, J. K., Kim, Y. & Choi, K. H. The psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Korean Version of GAD-7 and GAD-2. Front. Psychiatry 10, 127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00127 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1107_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","volume":"32","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke, K. & Spitzer, R. L. The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr. Ann. 32, 509\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06 (2002).","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"key":"1107_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0583-8","volume":"16","author":"JG Seo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seo, J. G. & Park, S. P. Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. J. Headache Pain 16, 97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-015-0583-8 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"1107_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0552-2","volume":"16","author":"JG Seo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seo, J. G. & Park, S. P. Validation of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine. J. Headache Pain 16, 65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s10194-015-0552-2 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"1107_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21211","volume":"63","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lipton, R. B. et al. Cutaneous allodynia in the migraine population. Ann. Neurol. 63, 148\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.21211 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"1107_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","volume":"46","author":"LB Krupp","year":"1989","unstructured":"Krupp, L. B., LaRocca, N. G., Muir-Nash, J. & Steinberg, A. D. The fatigue severity scale: Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch. Neurol. 46, 1121\u20131123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022 (1989).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"1107_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-010-0343-6","volume":"15","author":"YW Cho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cho, Y. W. et al. The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep Breath 15, 377\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-010-0343-6 (2011).","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"1107_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10463-009-0258-9","volume":"62","author":"N Dean","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dean, N. & Raftery, A. E. Latent class analysis variable selection. Ann. Inst. Stat. Math. 62, 11\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10463-009-0258-9 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Inst. Stat. Math."},{"key":"1107_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i10","volume":"42","author":"DA Linzer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Linzer, D. A. & Lewis, J. B. poLCA: An R package for polytomous variable latent class analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 42, 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v042.i10 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"1107_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867x1501500117","volume":"15","author":"A Dinno","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dinno, A. Nonparametric pairwise multiple comparisons in independent groups using Dunn\u2019s test. Stata J. 15, 292\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536867x1501500117 (2015).","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"1107_CR51","unstructured":"R Core team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing v. 3.6.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01107-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01107-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01107-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T16:51:13Z","timestamp":1670086273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01107-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-01107-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.K.C. was a site investigator for a multicenter trial sponsored by Otsuka Korea, Novartis, International AG and Eli Lilly and Co. He also worked as an advisory member for Teva and has received lecture honoraria from Allergan Korea, Handok-Teva and Yuyu Pharmaceutical Company in the past 24\u00a0months. Further, he received grants from the Yonsei University College of Medicine (2018-32-0037) and National Research Foundation of Korea (2019R1F1A1053841). The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21595"}}