{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:47:37Z","timestamp":1787240857738,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped hierarchical micro-mesoporous carbon foams has been synthesized by pyrolyzation treatment of a preliminary foam containing melamine and formaldehyde as nitrogen, carbon and oxygen precursors and Zn(NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . 6H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O and pluronic F127 as micro-meso pores generators. Several characterizations including thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adsorption\u2013desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on the prepared foams. X-ray diffraction patterns, Raman spectra and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adsorption\u2013desorption results confirmed that ZnO has pronounced effect on the graphitization of the prepared carbon foam. From X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric and N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adsorption\u2013desorption analysis results it was confirmed that the carbothermal reaction and the elimination of ZnO and also the elimination of pluronic F127 are the main factors for the induction of porosities in the foam structure. The presence of Zn(NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    )\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . 6H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O and pluronic F127 in the initial composition of the preliminary foam results in the specific surface area as high as 1176 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    .g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    and pore volume of 0.68 cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    .g\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . X-ray photoelectron and FTIR spectroscopy analyses results approved the presence of nitrogen (about 1.9 at %) in the form of pyridinic, graphitic and nitrogen oxide and oxygen (about 7.5 at. %) functional groups on the surface of the synthesized carbon foam. Electrochemistry analysis results including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge\u2013discharge (GCD) and also electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis illustrated the formation of an electric double layer supercapacitor with the capacitance as high as 137 Fg\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01151-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T06:04:19Z","timestamp":1636351459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Zinc-salt assisted synthesis of three-dimensional oxygen and nitrogen co-doped hierarchical micro-meso porous carbon foam for supercapacitors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hosein Banna Motejadded","family":"Emrooz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Aghdaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1151_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-9-492","volume":"9","author":"S Jiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jiang, S. et al. High-performance binder-free supercapacitor electrode by direct growth of cobalt-manganese composite oxide nansostructures on nickel foam. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9, 492 (2014).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"1151_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.07.134","volume":"284","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. Waste soybean dreg-derived N\/O co-doped hierarchical porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor. Electrochim. Acta 284, 336\u2013345 (2018).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"1151_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.08.295","volume":"771","author":"T Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, T., Zhang, J., Hou, Q. & Wang, S. Utilization of nutrient rich duckweed to create N, P Co-doped porous carbons for high performance supercapacitors. J. Alloys Compd. 771, 1009\u20131017 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"1151_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.05.040","volume":"93","author":"C Long","year":"2015","unstructured":"Long, C. et al. Facile synthesis of functionalized porous carbon with three-dimensional interconnected pore structure for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Carbon 93, 412\u2013420 (2015).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"1151_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05932H","volume":"3","author":"J Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. N-doped carbon foam based three-dimensional electrode architectures and asymmetric supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 2853\u20132860 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"1151_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001561","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001561","volume":"7","author":"F Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, F. et al. Stamping fabrication of flexible planar micro-supercapacitors using porous graphene inks. Adv. Sci. 7, 2001561 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"1151_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.190","volume":"370","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, K. et al. Tuning MnO2 to FeOOH replicas with bio-template 3D morphology as electrodes for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors. Chem. Eng. J. 370, 136\u2013147 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1151_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b00308","volume":"2","author":"G-W Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, G.-W., Chen, T.-Y., Chung, C.-H., Lin, H.-P. & Hsu, C.-H. Hierarchical micro\/mesoporous carbons synthesized with a ZnO template and petroleum pitch via a solvent-free process for a high-performance supercapacitor. ACS Omega 2, 2106\u20132113 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"1151_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33626","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b11162","volume":"8","author":"N Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo, N. et al. Soybean root-derived hierarchical porous carbon as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors in ionic liquids. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8, 33626\u201333634 (2016).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"1151_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.01.020","volume":"307","author":"Y-Q Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao, Y.-Q. et al. Hierarchically porous and heteroatom doped carbon derived from tobacco rods for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 307, 391\u2013400 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"1151_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2018.08.006","volume":"274","author":"T Kesavan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kesavan, T. et al. Hierarchical nanoporous activated carbon as potential electrode materials for high performance electrochemical supercapacitor. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 274, 236\u2013244 (2019).","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"1151_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16028","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA04436A","volume":"7","author":"Z Bi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bi, Z. et al. Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with different dimensions for supercapacitor electrodes: A review. J. Mater. Chem. A 7, 16028\u201316045 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"1151_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13773","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CC06791D","volume":"55","author":"K Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, K. et al. Assembling a double shell on a diatomite skeleton ternary complex with conductive polypyrrole for the enhancement of supercapacitors. Chem. Commun. 55, 13773\u201313776 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"1151_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201304137","volume":"26","author":"F B\u00e9guin","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00e9guin, F., Presser, V., Balducci, A. & Frackowiak, E. Carbons and electrolytes for advanced supercapacitors. Adv. Mater. 26, 2219\u20132251 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1151_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11225","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b04821","volume":"9","author":"D Kang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kang, D. et al. \u201cEgg-Box\u201d-assisted fabrication of porous carbon with small mesopores for high-rate electric double layer capacitors. ACS Nano 9, 11225\u201311233 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"1151_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1039\/C4GC02185A","volume":"17","author":"G Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu, G. et al. Biomass-derived porous carbon materials with sulfur and nitrogen dual-doping for energy storage. Green Chem. 17, 1668\u20131674 (2015).","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"1151_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203422","volume":"25","author":"N Fechler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fechler, N., Fellinger, T.-P. & Antonietti, M. \u201cSalt Templating\u201d: A simple and sustainable pathway toward highly porous functional carbons from ionic liquids. Adv. Mater. 25, 75\u201379 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1151_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4190","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201000844","volume":"22","author":"H Guo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo, H., Zhu, Y., Qiu, S., Lercher, J. A. & Zhang, H. Coordination modulation induced synthesis of nanoscale Eu1-xTbx-metal-organic frameworks for luminescent thin films. Adv. Mater. 22, 4190\u20134192 (2010).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1151_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51096","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA09823E","volume":"7","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Feng, J., Jiang, Y. & Feng, J. High-pressure salt templating strategy toward intact isochoric hierarchically porous carbon monoliths from ionic liquids. RSC Adv. 7, 51096\u201351103 (2017).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"1151_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.06.075","volume":"107","author":"P Strubel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strubel, P., Althues, H. & Kaskel, S. Zinc-salt templating of hierarchical porous carbons for low electrolyte high energy lithium-sulfur batteries (LE-LiS). Carbon 107, 705\u2013710 (2016).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"1151_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8328","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201000167","volume":"49","author":"A Thomas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomas, A. Functional materials: From hard to soft porous frameworks. Angew Chem 49, 8328\u20138344 (2010).","journal-title":"Angew Chem"},{"key":"1151_CR22","first-page":"700","volume":"5","author":"SN Talapaneni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Talapaneni, S. N. et al. Synthesis of nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbon nitride with tunable pores, band gaps and nitrogen content from a single aminoguanidine precursor. Chem. Eur. 5, 700\u2013708 (2012).","journal-title":"Chem. Eur."},{"key":"1151_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.10.033","volume":"405","author":"S Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu, S. et al. Self-template and self-activation synthesis of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 405, 132\u2013141 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"1151_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2019.134931","volume":"325","author":"P Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao, P. et al. Hierarchically porous carbon from waste coffee grounds for high-performance Li\u2013Se batteries. Electrochim. Acta 325, 134931 (2019).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"1151_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.01.192","volume":"192","author":"F Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen, F., Yang, J., Bai, T., Long, B. & Zhou, X. Biomass waste-derived honeycomb-like nitrogen and oxygen dual-doped porous carbon for high performance lithium-sulfur batteries. Electrochim. Acta 192, 99\u2013109 (2016).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"1151_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2014.06.043","volume":"433","author":"M Galhetas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galhetas, M. et al. Chars from gasification of coal and pine activated with K2CO3: Acetaminophen and caffeine adsorption from aqueous solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 433, 94\u2013103 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"1151_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.08.034","volume":"147","author":"KK Beltrame","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beltrame, K. K. et al. Adsorption of caffeine on mesoporous activated carbon fibers prepared from pineapple plant leaves. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 147, 64\u201371 (2018).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"1151_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.01.034","volume":"279","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for supercapacitors with high rate performance. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 279, 439\u2013445 (2019).","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"1151_CR29","first-page":"363","volume":"3","author":"MR Parra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parra, M. R. & Haque, F. Z. Aqueous chemical route synthesis and the effect of calcination temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles. J. Market. Res. 3, 363\u2013369 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Market. Res."},{"key":"1151_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b03854","volume":"34","author":"P W\u0105sik","year":"2018","unstructured":"W\u0105sik, P. et al. Hierarchical surface patterns upon evaporation of a ZnO nanofluid droplet: Effect of particle morphology. Langmuir 34, 1645\u20131654 (2018).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"1151_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29541","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04424H","volume":"9","author":"W Muhammad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhammad, W., Ullah, N., Haroon, M. & Abbasi, B. H. Optical, morphological and biological analysis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Papaver somniferum L. RSC Adv. 9, 29541\u201329548 (2019).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"1151_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.197","volume":"197","author":"M Priyanka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Priyanka, M. & Saravanakumar, M. P. Ultrahigh adsorption capacity of starch derived zinc based carbon foam for adsorption of toxic dyes and its preliminary investigation on oil-water separation. J. Clean. Prod. 197, 511\u2013524 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"1151_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1428.01020","volume":"30","author":"MSL Rosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosa, M. S. L., Knoerzer, T., Figueiredo, F. C. & Santos, J. R. D. Preparation and analysis of melamine and melamine-silica as clarifying agents of waste lubricating oil. Pol\u00edmeros 30, 2 (2020).","journal-title":"Pol\u00edmeros"},{"key":"1151_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11624","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA01852H","volume":"3","author":"Z Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Wang, J., Yu, F., Zhang, Z. & Gao, X. Preparation and properties of graphene oxide-modified poly(melamine-formaldehyde) microcapsules containing phase change material n-dodecanol for thermal energy storage. J. Mater. Chem. A 3, 11624\u201311630 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"1151_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2012.162","volume":"45","author":"DJ Merline","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merline, D. J., Vukusic, S. & Abdala, A. A. Melamine formaldehyde: curing studies and reaction mechanism. Polym. J. 45, 413\u2013419 (2013).","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"1151_CR36","first-page":"81","volume":"16","author":"HT Banu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Banu, H. T. & Meenakshi, S. Synthesis of a novel quaternized form of melamine\u2013formaldehyde resin for the removal of nitrate from water, Journal of Water. Process. Eng. 16, 81\u201389 (2017).","journal-title":"Process. Eng."},{"key":"1151_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b02453","volume":"7","author":"C Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, C., O\u2019Connell, M. J. & Chan, C. K. Facile one-pot synthesis of highly porous carbon foams for high-performance supercapacitors using template-free direct pyrolysis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7, 8952\u20138960 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces."},{"key":"1151_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0692.2001.300503.x","volume":"30","author":"H-K Chen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen, H.-K. Kinetic study on the carbothermic reduction of zinc oxide. Scand. J. Metall. 30, 292\u2013296 (2001).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Metall."},{"key":"1151_CR39","volume-title":"Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials","author":"DR Gaskell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaskell, D. R. & Laughlin, D. E. Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials 6th edn. (CRC Press, 2017).","edition":"6"},{"key":"1151_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2020.107999","volume":"108","author":"H Karimi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karimi, H., Heidari, M. A., Emrooz, H. B. M. & Shokouhimehr, M. Carbonization temperature effects on adsorption performance of metal-organic framework derived nanoporous carbon for removal of methylene blue from wastewater; experimental and spectrometry study. Diamond Relat. Mater. 108, 107999 (2020).","journal-title":"Diamond Relat. Mater."},{"key":"1151_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12737","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA00343F","volume":"9","author":"T Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu, T., Yang, J.-G., Bai, X.-J. & Wang, Y.-L. The preparation of synthetic graphite materials with hierarchical pores from lignite by one-step impregnation and their characterization as dye absorbents. RSC Adv. 9, 12737\u201312746 (2019).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"1151_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.06.016","volume":"152","author":"N Prabu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prabu, N., Saravanan, R. S. A., Kesavan, T., Maduraiveeran, G. & Sasidharan, M. An efficient palm waste derived hierarchical porous carbon for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Carbon 152, 188\u2013197 (2019).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"1151_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2016.06.059","volume":"211","author":"ST Senthilkumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Senthilkumar, S. T. et al. Flexible fiber hybrid supercapacitor with NiCo2O4 nanograss@carbon fiber and bio-waste derived high surface area porous carbon. Electrochim. Acta 211, 411\u2013419 (2016).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"1151_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.8b04447","volume":"7","author":"T Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. Preparation of porous graphene@Mn3O4 and its application in the oxygen reduction reaction and supercapacitor. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 831\u2013837 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"1151_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.08.169","volume":"355","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Ultra-high surface area and nitrogen-rich porous carbons prepared by a low-temperature activation method with superior gas selective adsorption and outstanding supercapacitance performance. Chem. Eng. J. 355, 309\u2013319 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1151_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3798","volume":"350","author":"T Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin, T. et al. Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon of extraordinary capacitance for electrochemical energy storage. Science 350, 1508 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1151_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2017.05.043","volume":"94","author":"G Nagaraju","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagaraju, G. et al. Electrochemical heavy metal detection, photocatalytic, photoluminescence, biodiesel production and antibacterial activities of Ag\u2013ZnO nanomaterial. Mater. Res. Bull. 94, 54\u201363 (2017).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"1151_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.02.074","volume":"147","author":"SP Suresh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suresh, S. P. et al. Superhydrophobic fluorine-modified cerium-doped mesoporous carbon as an efficient catalytic platform for photo-degradation of organic pollutants. Carbon 147, 323\u2013333 (2019).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"1151_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.07.064","volume":"219","author":"Y Yao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. Synthesis of \u201csea urchin\u201d-like carbon nanotubes\/porous carbon superstructures derived from waste biomass for treatment of various contaminants. Appl. Catal. B 219, 563\u2013571 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"1151_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.02.020","volume":"164","author":"K Lefatshe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lefatshe, K., Muiva, C. M. & Kebaabetswe, L. P. Extraction of nanocellulose and in-situ casting of ZnO\/cellulose nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity. Carbohyd. Polym. 164, 301\u2013308 (2017).","journal-title":"Carbohyd. Polym."},{"key":"1151_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.01.032","volume":"379","author":"S Lei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lei, S. et al. Tetra-heteroatom self-doped carbon nanosheets derived from silkworm excrement for high-performance supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 379, 74\u201383 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"1151_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.08.111","volume":"291","author":"L Lyu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lyu, L. et al. Yeast-derived N-doped carbon microsphere\/polyaniline composites as high performance pseudocapacitive electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 291, 256\u2013266 (2018).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"1151_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16507","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA07446D","volume":"4","author":"G Ren","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ren, G., Li, S., Fan, Z.-X., Warzywoda, J. & Fan, Z. Soybean-derived hierarchical porous carbon with large sulfur loading and sulfur content for high-performance lithium\u2013sulfur batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 16507\u201316515 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"1151_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.176","volume":"368","author":"M Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, M., Bian, C., Yang, G. & Qiang, X. Facile fabrication of water-based and non-fluorinated superhydrophobic sponge for efficient separation of immiscible oil\/water mixture and water-in-oil emulsion. Chem. Eng. J. 368, 350\u2013358 (2019).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"1151_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2019.02.089","volume":"544","author":"QJ Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Le, Q. J. et al. Biotemplate derived three dimensional nitrogen doped graphene@MnO2 as bifunctional material for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction catalyst. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 544, 155\u2013163 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"1151_CR56","first-page":"11944","volume":"7","author":"V Hiremath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hiremath, V., Lim, A. C., Nagaraju, G. & Seo, J. G. Promoting discarded packing waste into value-added 2D porous carbon flakes for multifunctional applications. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7, 11944\u201311954 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"1151_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10903","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta12328f","volume":"1","author":"XY Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, X. Y., Chen, C., Zhang, Z. J. & Xie, D. H. Gelatin-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon via a dual-template carbonization method for high performance supercapacitors. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 10903\u201310911 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"1151_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.02.006","volume":"47","author":"D Hulicova-Jurcakova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hulicova-Jurcakova, D. et al. Effect of surface phosphorus functionalities of activated carbons containing oxygen and nitrogen on electrochemical capacitance. Carbon 47, 1576\u20131584 (2009).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"1151_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2018.04.031","volume":"818","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, L. et al. Facile one-step synthesis of three-dimensional freestanding hierarchical porous carbon for high energy density supercapacitors in organic electrolyte. J. Electroanal. Chem. 818, 51\u201357 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"1151_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.06.100","volume":"268","author":"Y Fan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Yang, X., Zhu, B., Liu, P.-F. & Lu, H.-T. Micro-mesoporous carbon spheres derived from carrageenan as electrode material for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 268, 584\u2013590 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"1151_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b10582","volume":"122","author":"B-A Mei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mei, B.-A., Munteshari, O., Lau, J., Dunn, B. & Pilon, L. Physical interpretations of nyquist plots for EDLC electrodes and devices. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 194\u2013206 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"1151_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201403267","volume":"8","author":"AB Fuertes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fuertes, A. B. & Sevilla, M. Superior capacitive performance of hydrochar-based porous carbons in aqueous electrolytes. Chemsuschem 8, 1049\u20131057 (2015).","journal-title":"Chemsuschem"},{"key":"1151_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201600426","volume":"9","author":"M Sevilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sevilla, M. & Fuertes, A. B. A green approach to high-performance supercapacitor electrodes: The chemical activation of hydrochar with potassium bicarbonate. Chemsuschem 9, 1880\u20131888 (2016).","journal-title":"Chemsuschem"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01151-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01151-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01151-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T12:15:05Z","timestamp":1670069705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01151-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-01151-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21798"}}