{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:21:34Z","timestamp":1784290894829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H05120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H05120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["26304043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26304043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Endocrine-disruptor Preventive Action"},{"name":"Yamada Research Grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020209","name":"Triodos foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides used since the 1990\u2019s , that possess renal tubular toxicity. We conducted a field-based descriptive study in the North Central Dry-zone of Sri Lanka, where chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown etiology has been increasing since the 1990\u2019s. To elucidate the relationship between renal tubular dysfunctions and urinary neonicotinoids concentrations, we collected spot urine samples from15 CKD patients, 15 family members, and 62 neighbors in 2015, analyzed two renal tubular biomarkers, Cystatin-C and L-FABP, quantified seven neonicotinoids and a metabolite <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-desmethyl-acetamiprid by LC\u2013MS\/MS; and we investigated their symptoms using a questionnaire. Cystatin-C and L-FABP had a positive correlation (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-Desmethyl-acetamiprid was detected in 92.4% of the urine samples, followed by dinotefuran (17.4%), thiamethoxam (17.4%), clothianidin (9.8%), thiacloprid and imidacloprid. Dinotefuran and thiacloprid have never been registered in Sri Lanka. In High Cystatin-C group (&gt;\u200970\u00a0\u03bcg\/gCre, n\u2009=\u20097), higher urinary concentration of dinotefuran (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009), and in Zero Cystatin-C group (&lt;\u2009LOQ, n\u2009=\u20097), higher <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-desmethyl-acetamiprid (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013), dinotefuran (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.049), and thiacloprid (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035), and more complaints of chest pains, stomachache, skin eruption and diarrhea (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were found than in Normal Cystatin-C group (n\u2009=\u200978). Urinary neonicotinoids may be one of the potential risk factors for renal tubular dysfunction in this area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01732-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T11:06:20Z","timestamp":1637233580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Urinary concentrations of neonicotinoid insecticides were related to renal tubular dysfunction and neuropsychological complaints in Dry-zone of Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Taira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujithra Kaushaliya","family":"Weragoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M. Ayala S.","family":"Herath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Ikenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazutoshi","family":"Fujioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhubhani","family":"Hemachandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmalie","family":"Pallewatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Ishizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Bonmatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","volume":"395","author":"GBD Chronic kidney disease collaboration","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD Chronic kidney disease collaboration. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet 395, 709\u2013733 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1732_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892002000900009","volume":"12","author":"RG Trabanino","year":"2002","unstructured":"Trabanino, R. G., Aguilar, R., Silva, C. R., Mercado, M. O. & Merino, R. L. End-stage renal disease among patients in a referral hospital in El Salvador. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 12, 202\u2013206 (2002) (in Spanish).","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica."},{"key":"1732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-017-0254-0","volume":"16","author":"M Valcke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valcke, M., Levasseur, M. E., Soares da Silva, A. & Wesseling, C. Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology: an epidemiologic review. Environ. Health. 16, 49 (2017) (Erratum in: Environ. Health. 16, 67(2017)).","journal-title":"Environ. Health."},{"key":"1732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-006-9070-0","volume":"29","author":"CB Dissanayake","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dissanayake, C. B. & Chandrajith, R. Medical geology in tropical countries with special reference to Sri Lanka. Environ Geochem Health. 29, 155\u2013162 (2007).","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health."},{"key":"1732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/10773525.2016.1203097","volume":"22","author":"S Rajapakse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rajapakse, S., Shivanthan, M. C. & Selvarajah, M. Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health. 22, 259\u2013264 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health."},{"key":"1732_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noble, A., Amerasinghe, P., Manthrithilake, H. & Arasalingam, S. Review of literature on chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. IWMI working paper 158, 7\u201321 (2014).","DOI":"10.5337\/2014.206"},{"key":"1732_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20140074","volume":"25","author":"KB Jayasekara","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jayasekara, K. B. et al. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease, with special emphasis on chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology, in the north central region of Sri Lanka. J. Epidemiol. 25, 275\u2013280 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1732_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.258","volume":"80","author":"NT Athuraliya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Athuraliya, N. T. et al. Uncertain etiologies of proteinuric-chronic kidney disease in rural Sri Lanka. Kidney Int. 80, 1212\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.258 (2011).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"1732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0224-z","volume":"17","author":"S Nanayakkara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nanayakkara, S. et al. Evidence of tubular damage in the very early stage of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in the north central province of Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 17, 109\u2013117 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"1732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1021\/es304659r","volume":"47","author":"L Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, W. & Kannan, K. Characteristic profiles of urinary p-hydroxybenzoic acid and its esters (parabens) in children and adults from the United States and China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 2069\u20132076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es304659r (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1732_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133417","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133417","volume":"10","author":"HJ Chung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chung, H. J. et al. Nanoparticle detection of urinary markers for point-of-care diagnosis of kidney injury. PLoS ONE 10, e0133417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0133417 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1732_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0004979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004979","volume":"10","author":"PM De Silva","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Silva, P. M. et al. Urinary biomarkers KIM-1 and NGAL for detection of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) among agricultural communities in Sri Lanka. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 10, e0004979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004979 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"1732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v62i4.8568","volume":"62","author":"K Wanigasuriya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wanigasuriya, K., Jayawardene, I., Amarasiriwardena, C. & Wickremasinghe, R. Novel urinary biomarkers and their association with urinary heavy metals in chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in Sri Lanka: a pilot study. Ceylon Med. J. 62, 210\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/cmj.v62i4.8568 (2017).","journal-title":"Ceylon Med. J."},{"key":"1732_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.07.009","volume":"4","author":"BNTW Fernando","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernando, B. N. T. W. et al. Pilot study of renal urinary biomarkers for diagnosis of ckd of uncertain etiology. Kidney Int. Rep. 4, 1401\u20131411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.07.009 (2019).","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"1732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1477-9","volume":"20","author":"N Herath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herath, N. et al. Normality data of eGFR and validity of commonly used screening tests for CKD in an area with endemic CKD of unknown etiology; need for age and sex based precise cutoff values. BMC Nephrol. 20, 298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-019-1477-9 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"1732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-9047-9","volume":"284","author":"A Kamijo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kamijo, A. et al. Urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein as a useful biomarker in chronic kidney disease. Mol. Cell Biochem. 284, 175\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11010-005-9047-9 (2006) (Erratum in: Mol Cell Biochem. 299, 1-3).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"1732_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32833e2fa4","volume":"16","author":"K Doi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Doi, K., Noiri, E. & Sugaya, T. Urinary L-type fatty acid-binding protein as a new renal biomarker in critical care. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 16, 545\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCC.0b013e32833e2fa4 (2010).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care."},{"key":"1732_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00177-8","volume":"323","author":"K Uchida","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uchida, K. & Gotoh, A. Measurement of cystatin-C and creatinine in urine. Clin. Chim. Acta. 323, 121\u2013128 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"1732_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.027763","volume":"50","author":"S Herget-Rosenthal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herget-Rosenthal, S. et al. Prognostic value of tubular proteinuria and enzymuria in nonoliguric acute tubular necrosis. Clin. Chem. 50, 552\u2013558 (2004).","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"1732_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1678-9199-20-33","volume":"20","author":"A Silva","year":"2014","unstructured":"Silva, A., Samarasinghe, R., Pilapitiya, S., Dahanayake, N. & Siribaddana, S. Viper bites complicate chronic agrochemical nephropathy in rural Sri Lanka. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins. Incl. Trop. Dis. 20, 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1678-9199-20-33 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins. Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"1732_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v51i1.1382","volume":"51","author":"RJ Peiris-John","year":"2006","unstructured":"Peiris-John, R. J., Wanigasuriya, J. K., Wickremasinghe, A. R., Dissanayake, W. P. & Hittarage, A. Exposure to acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides and chronic renal failure. Ceylon Med. J. 51, 42\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/cmj.v51i1.1382 (2006).","journal-title":"Ceylon Med. J."},{"key":"1732_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110202125","volume":"20","author":"C Jayasumana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jayasumana, C., Gunatilake, S. & Senanayake, P. Glyphosate, hard water and nephrotoxic metals: are they the culprits behind the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 20, 2125\u20132147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110202125 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"1732_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-124","volume":"15","author":"C Jayasumana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jayasumana, C., Gajanayake, R. & Siribaddana, S. Importance of Arsenic and pesticides in epidemic chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol. 15, 124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2369-15-124 (2014).","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"1732_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-14-6","volume":"14","author":"C Jayasumana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jayasumana, C. et al. Drinking well water and occupational exposure to herbicides is associated with chronic kidney disease, in Padavi-Sripura, Sri Lanka. Environ. Health. 14, 6 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Health."},{"key":"1732_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-0868-z","volume":"4","author":"C Jayasumana","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jayasumana, C. et al. Phosphate fertilizer is a main source of arsenic in areas affected with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka. Springerplus 4, 90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40064-015-0868-z (2015).","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"1732_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15-0140-BR","volume":"58","author":"R Kabata","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kabata, R. et al. Neonicotinoid concentrations in urine from chronic kidney disease patients in the north central region of Sri Lanka. J. Occup. Health. 58, 128\u2013133 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health."},{"key":"1732_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.020","volume":"644","author":"S Jayasinghe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jayasinghe, S., Lind, L., Salihovic, S., Larsson, A. & Lind, P. M. High serum levels of p,p\u2032-DDE are associated with an accelerated decline in GFR during 10 years follow-up. Sci. Total. Environ. 644, 371\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.020 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"1732_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2014.11.014","volume":"121","author":"TC Sparks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sparks, T. C. & Nauen, R. IRAC: Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 121, 122\u2013128 (2015).","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"1732_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3471-x","volume":"22","author":"LW Pisa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pisa, L. W. et al. Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 68\u2013102 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"1732_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13100987","volume":"13","author":"J Kimura-Kuroda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kimura-Kuroda, J. et al. Neonicotinoid insecticides alter the gene expression profile of neuron-enriched cultures from neonatal rat cerebellum. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 13, 987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph13100987 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health."},{"key":"1732_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3470-y","volume":"22","author":"N Simon-Delso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simon-Delso, N. et al. Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 5\u201334 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"1732_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3332-7","volume":"22","author":"JM Bonmatin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonmatin, J. M. et al. Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 35\u201367 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"1732_CR33","first-page":"24","volume":"21","author":"K Taira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taira, K. Health effects of neonicotinoid insecticides\u2014Part 1: physicochemical characteristics and case reports. Jpn. J. Clin. Ecol. 21, 24\u201334 (2012) (in Japanese).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Ecol."},{"key":"1732_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12027","volume":"112","author":"PC Lin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lin, P. C., Lin, H. J., Liao, Y. Y., Guo, H. R. & Chen, K. T. Acute poisoning with neonicotinoid insecticides: a case report and literature review. Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 112, 282\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.12027 (2013).","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"1732_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142172","volume":"10","author":"JT Marfo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marfo, J. T. et al. Relationship between urinary n-desmethyl-acetamiprid and typical symptoms including neurological findings: a prevalence case-control study. PLoS ONE 10, e014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0142172 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1732_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146335","volume":"11","author":"KH Harada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harada, K. H. et al. Biological Monitoring of Human Exposure to Neonicotinoids Using Urine Samples, and Neonicotinoid Excretion Kinetics. PLoS ONE 11, e0146335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146335 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1732_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2013.10.007","volume":"16","author":"C Fuke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuke, C. et al. Detection of imidacloprid in biological fluids in a case of fatal insecticide intoxication. Leg. Med. 16, 40\u201343 (2014).","journal-title":"Leg. Med."},{"key":"1732_CR38","first-page":"19","volume":"18","author":"K Taira","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taira, K., Moribayashi, N., Yoshihara, T. & Aoyama, Y. Nicotinic cholinergic symptoms after consecutive tea drink consumption: clinical findings, electrocardiagraphy, auditory brainstem response, and infrared pupillography and acetamiprid residual analysis. Jpn. J. Clin. Ecol. 18, 19\u201323 (2009).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Ecol."},{"key":"1732_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e80332","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080332","volume":"8","author":"K Taira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taira, K., Fujioka, K. & Aoyama, Y. Qualitative profiling and quantification of neonicotinoid metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. PLoS ONE 8, e80332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0080332 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1732_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14522","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03062","volume":"49","author":"J Ueyama","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ueyama, J. et al. Temporal levels of urinary neonicotinoid and Dialkylphosphate Concentrations in Japanese Women Between 1994 and 2011. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 14522\u201314528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b03062 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1732_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14633","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04037","volume":"49","author":"L Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Occurrence and profile characteristics of the pesticide imidacloprid, preservative parabens, and their metabolites in human urine from rural and urban China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 14633\u2013146340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b04037 (2015).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"1732_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105415","volume":"135","author":"AJ Lia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lia, A. J., Martinez-Morala, M. P. & Kannana, K. Variability in urinary neonicotinoid concentrations in single-spot and first-T morning void and its association with oxidative stress markers. Environ. Int. 135, 105415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105415 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"1732_CR43","unstructured":"Agriculture and Environmental Statistics Division Department of Census and Statistics, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Paddy Stastics. 2015 Yala. http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/Agriculture\/StaticalInformation\/PaddyStatistics\/PaddyStatistics\/2015YalaSeason (2016)."},{"key":"1732_CR44","unstructured":"Agriculture and Environmental Statistics Division Department of Census and Statistics, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Paddy Stastics. 2015\/2016 Maha. http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/Agriculture\/StaticalInformation\/PaddyStatistics\/PaddyStatistics\/2015-2016MahaSeason (2017)."},{"key":"1732_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133767","volume":"694","author":"K Kafle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kafle, K., Balasubramanya, S. & Horbulyk, T. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Sri Lanka: a profile of affected districts reliant on groundwater. Sci. Total. Environ. 694, 133767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133767 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"1732_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2018.070","volume":"16","author":"HMA Herath","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herath, H. M. A. et al. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and chromium in well water, rice, and human urine in Sri Lanka in relation to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology. J. Water Health. 16, 212\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2018.070 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Water Health."},{"key":"1732_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219208","volume":"14","author":"G Ichikawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ichikawa, G. et al. LC-ESI\/MS\/MS analysis of neonicotinoids in urine of very low birth weight infants at birth. PLoS ONE 14, e0219208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219208 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1732_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3394-5(2017)","volume":"32","author":"E Joyce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Joyce, E., Glasner, P., Ranganathan, S. & Swiatecka-Urban, A. Tubulointerstitial nephritis: diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Pediatr. Nephrol. 32, 577\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-016-3394-5(2017) (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"1732_CR49","unstructured":"Nirusha Ayoni, V.D. & Galabada, J. AgStat Volume : XV Agricultural statistics. https:\/\/www.doa.gov.lk\/ICC\/images\/publication\/Books\/Other_Bok\/AgstatBK.pdf (2018)."},{"key":"1732_CR50","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture Government of Sri Lanka. Performance Report 2015. pp202. https:\/\/www.parliament.lk\/uploads\/documents\/paperspresented\/performance-report-department-of-agriculture-2015.pdf (2015)."},{"key":"1732_CR51","first-page":"1","volume":"68","author":"B Marambe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marambe, B. & Herath, S. Banning of herbicides and its\u2019 impact on agriculture\u2014the case of glyphosate in Sri Lanka. Weed Sci. 68, 1\u201329 (2019).","journal-title":"Weed Sci."},{"key":"1732_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.06.008","volume":"5","author":"Y Ikenaka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ikenaka, Y. et al. Contamination by neonicotinoid insecticides and their metabolites in Sri Lankan black tea leaves and Japanese green tea leaves. Toxicol. Rep. 5, 744\u2013749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.06.008 (2018).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"1732_CR53","first-page":"21","volume":"1","author":"S Leila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leila, S., Raki Aziz, R. A. & Marwa, B. Investigation of renal toxicity induced by neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam) insecticide in mice. Int. J. Biol. Agric. Res. 1, 21\u201327 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Agric. Res."},{"key":"1732_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.04.009","volume":"17","author":"S Ramanathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramanathan, S., Kumar, M. S., Sanjeevi, G., Narayanan, B. & Kurien, A. A. Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid poisoning causing acute kidney injury via a novel mechanism. Kidney. Int. Rep. 17, 1111\u20131113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.04.009 (2020).","journal-title":"Kidney. Int. Rep."},{"key":"1732_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100108494","volume":"39","author":"IW Wu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wu, I. W., Lin, J. L. & Cheng, E. T. Acute poisoning with the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in N-methyl pyrrolidone. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 39, 617\u2013621 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"1732_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0748233705th217oa","author":"YM Hung","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hung, Y. M. & Meier, K. H. Acute \u00ae Confidor (imidacloprid-n-methyl pyrrolidone) insecticides poisoning mimicking cholinergic syndrome. Toxicol. Ind. Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0748233705th217oa (2005).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health."},{"key":"1732_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.09.018","volume":"672","author":"C Costa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Costa, C. et al. Genotoxicity of imidacloprid in relation to metabolic activation and composition of the commercial product. Mutat. Res. 672, 40\u201344 (2009).","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"1732_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219828","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219828","volume":"14","author":"L Sykes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sykes, L. et al. The influence of multiple episodes of acute kidney injury on survival and progression to end stage kidney disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE 14, e0219828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0219828 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1732_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.103584","volume":"23","author":"A Agha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Agha, A., Bella, A., Aldosary, B., Kazzi, Z. N. & Alhumaidi, M. A. Imidacloprid poisoning presenting as leukoclastic vasculitis with renal and hepatic dysfunction. Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl. 23, 1300\u20131303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-2442.103584 (2012).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transpl."},{"key":"1732_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.462350","volume":"1652","author":"C Nimako","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nimako, C. et al. Simultaneous Quantification of imidacloprid and its metabolites in tissues of mice upon chronic low-dose administration of imidacloprid. J. Chromatogr. A. 1652, 462350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.462350 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A."},{"key":"1732_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.051","volume":"161","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, M. A. et al. Neurotransmitter changes in rat brain regions following glyphosate exposure. Environ. Res. 161, 212\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2017.10.051 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"1732_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007115","volume":"92","author":"V Planche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Planche, V. et al. Acute toxic limbic encephalopathy following glyphosate intoxication. Neurology 92, 534\u2013536 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1732_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v4n3p56","volume":"4","author":"YAA Yashin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yashin, Y. A. A., Nemzer, B. V., Combet, E. & Yashin, Y. A. I. Determination of the chemical composition of tea by chromatographic methods: a review. J. Food. Res. 4, 56\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/jfr.v4n3p56 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Food. Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01732-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01732-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01732-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T17:45:40Z","timestamp":1670089540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-01732-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-01732-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22484"}}