{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:08:24Z","timestamp":1788581304316,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kubota Vision Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study assessed axial length and choroidal thickness changes following short-term peripheral myopic defocus in normal adult subjects. Twenty subjects underwent defocus sessions by viewing a full-field projected movie 4\u00a0m away for 4\u00a0h in the morning, while wearing spectacle lenses, corrected for distance vision in both eyes. The right eye, serving as the test eye, was peripherally defocused using a Fresnel lens overlay of\u2009+\u20093.50\u00a0D with a central clear aperture of 11.5\u00a0mm (correlating to a clear central visual field of approximately 23\u00b0), while the left eye served as the control (with no Fresnel lens overlay). A subset of 10 subjects from the same cohort also underwent additional defocus sessions with\u2009+\u20095.00\u00a0D of peripheral defocus. Axial length was measured and radial sub-foveal choroidal scans were obtained before and after the defocus sessions. The increase in axial length of the test eyes were significantly less than the control eyes under both peripheral defocus conditions (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The difference in mean change for choroidal thickness between test and control eyes was not significant for either dioptric condition. Our results demonstrated that short-term peripheral myopic defocus significantly inhibited axial elongation in adult humans, without significant changes in choroidal thickness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02043-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T06:03:08Z","timestamp":1637560988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of short-term peripheral myopic defocus on ocular biometrics using Fresnel \u201cpress-on\u201d lenses in humans"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kubota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabin R.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Samandarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maksud","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkady","family":"Selenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitava","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2043_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5457","volume":"51","author":"SA Read","year":"2010","unstructured":"Read, S. A., Collins, M. J. & Sander, B. P. Human optical axial length and defocus. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 6262\u20136269 (2010).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.002","volume":"103","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chakraborty, R., Read, S. A. & Collins, M. J. Monocular myopic defocus and daily changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes. Exp. Eye Res. 103, 47\u201354 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"2043_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000035","volume":"90","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chakraborty, R., Read, S. A. & Collins, M. J. Hyperopic defocus and diurnal changes in human choroid and axial length. Optom. Vis. Sci. 90, 1187\u20131198 (2013).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.8.48","volume":"61","author":"H Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoseini-Yazdi, H., Vincent, S. J., Read, S. A. & Collins, M. J. Astigmatic defocus leads to short-term changes in human choroidal thickness. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 61, 48\u201348 (2020).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65151-5","volume":"10","author":"S Delshad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delshad, S., Collins, M. J., Read, S. A. & Vincent, S. J. The time course of the onset and recovery of axial length changes in response to imposed defocus. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u20139 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2043_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182279cfa","volume":"88","author":"EL Smith III","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smith, E. L. III. The Charles F. Prentice award lecture 2010: A case for peripheral optical treatment strategies for myopia. Optom. Vis. Sci. 88, 1029 (2011).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3603011","volume":"237","author":"J Wallman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wallman, J., Gottlieb, M., Rajaram, V. & Fugate-Wentzek, L. Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia. Science 237, 73\u201377 (1987).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2043_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(87)90027-7","volume":"27","author":"J Wallman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wallman, J. & Adams, J. I. Developmental aspects of experimental myopia in chicks: Susceptibility, recovery and relation to emmetropization. Vis. Res. 27, 1139\u20131163 (1987).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"2043_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805223015","volume":"22","author":"J Rymer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rymer, J. & Wildsoet, C. F. The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: A review. Vis. Neurosci. 22, 251\u2013261 (2005).","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"2043_CR10","first-page":"930","volume":"37","author":"GK Hung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hung, G. K. & Ciuffreda, K. J. Incremental retinal-defocus theory of myopia development\u2014Schematic analysis and computer simulation. Vis. Mov. Man Mach. 37, 930\u2013946 (2007).","journal-title":"Vis. Mov. Man Mach."},{"key":"2043_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","volume":"53","author":"CS Tan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tan, C. S., Ouyang, Y., Ruiz, H. & Sadda, S. R. Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53, 261\u2013266 (2012).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25389","volume":"59","author":"HJ Burfield","year":"2018","unstructured":"Burfield, H. J., Patel, N. B. & Ostrin, L. A. Ocular biometric diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 59, 5176\u20135187 (2018).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0294","volume":"45","author":"RA Stone","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stone, R. A. et al. Diurnal axial length fluctuations in human eyes. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 63\u201370 (2004).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7364","volume":"52","author":"R Chakraborty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chakraborty, R., Read, S. A. & Collins, M. J. Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 5121\u20135129 (2011).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12218","volume":"35","author":"ST-H Chiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiang, S.T.-H., Phillips, J. R. & Backhouse, S. Effect of retinal image defocus on the thickness of the human choroid. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 35, 405\u2013413 (2015).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"2043_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161535","volume":"11","author":"D Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Optical defocus rapidly changes choroidal thickness in schoolchildren. PLoS\u00a0One 11, e0161535 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS\u00a0One"},{"key":"2043_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1264","volume":"48","author":"EL Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith, E. L. et al. Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48, 3914\u20133922 (2007).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2043_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.08.003","volume":"177","author":"EL Smith III","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, E. L. III. et al. Eccentricity-dependent effects of simultaneous competing defocus on emmetropization in infant rhesus monkeys. Vis. Res. 177, 32\u201340 (2020).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"2043_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.05.008","volume":"46","author":"R Schippert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schippert, R. & Schaeffel, F. Peripheral defocus does not necessarily affect central refractive development. Vis. Res. 46, 3935\u20133940 (2006).","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"2043_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001750","volume":"98","author":"R Kubota","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubota, R. et al. Assessment of visual performance as a function of clear central aperture diameter with a defocused periphery application to myopia control. Optom. Vis. Sci. 98, 914\u2013919 (2021).","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02043-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02043-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02043-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T12:36:29Z","timestamp":1670070989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02043-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-02043-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-536692\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"R.K. and A.G. are part of Kubota Vision Pharmaceutical Holdings Inc. A.S. and S.R.A of Institute for Vision Research received funding from Kubota Vision Pharmaceutical Holdings Inc. to perform the study. N.R.J., I.S. and M.O. are employees of Institute for Vision Research and have no disclosures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22690"}}