{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:59:43Z","timestamp":1780405183745,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"NKFIH","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K116689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K116689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"GINOP","award":["2.3.2-15-2016-00034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.3.2-15-2016-00034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesized that the composition of sepsis-inducing bacterial flora influences the course of fecal peritonitis in rodents. Saline or fecal suspensions with a standardized dose range of bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) were injected intraperitoneally into Sprague\u2013Dawley rats. The qualitative composition of the initial inoculum and the ascites was analyzed separately by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Invasive monitoring was conducted in separate anesthetized groups (n\u2009=\u200912\u201313\/group) after 12, 24, 48 and 72\u00a0h to determine rat-specific organ failure assessment (ROFA) scores. Death and ROFA scores peaked at 24\u00a0h. At this time, 20% mortality occurred in animals receiving a monomicrobial <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> suspension, and ROFA scores were significantly higher in the monomicrobial subgroup than in the polymicrobial one (median 6.5; 5.0\u20137.0 and 5.0; 4.75\u20135.0, respectively). ROFA scores dropped after 48\u00a0h, accompanied by a steady decrease in ascites CFUs and a shift towards intra-abdominal monomicrobial <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> cultures. Furthermore, we found a relationship between ascites CFUs and the evolving change in ROFA scores throughout the study. Hence, quantitatively identical bacterial loads with mono- or polymicrobial dominance lead to a different degree of sepsis severity and divergent outcomes. Initial and intraperitoneal microbiological testing should be used to improve translational research success.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02129-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T11:02:20Z","timestamp":1637665340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The microbial composition of the initial insult can predict the prognosis of experimental sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Szabolcs P\u00e9ter","family":"Tall\u00f3sy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marietta Zita","family":"Poles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Rutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Fejes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Juh\u00e1sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"Buri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"S\u00f3ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"Boros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Kaszaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2129_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001212","volume":"50","author":"MF Osuchowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osuchowski, M. F. et al. Minimum quality threshold in pre-clinical sepsis studies (MQTiPSS): An international expert consensus initiative for improvement of animal modeling in sepsis. Shock 50, 377\u2013380 (2018).","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2129_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751","volume":"22","author":"JL Vincent","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vincent, J. L. et al. The SOFA (sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction\/failure. Intens. Care Med. 22, 707\u2013710 (1996).","journal-title":"Intens. Care Med."},{"key":"2129_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","volume":"315","author":"M Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer, M. et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). J. Am. Med. Assoc. 315, 801\u2013810 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"2129_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.021","volume":"17","author":"AJ Lewis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lewis, A. J., Seymour, C. W. & Rosengart, M. R. Current murine models of sepsis. Surg. Infect. 17, 385\u2013393 (2016).","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"2129_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000191386.18818.0a","volume":"24","author":"EA Deitch","year":"2005","unstructured":"Deitch, E. A. Rodent models of intra-abdominal infection. Shock 24, 19\u201323 (2005).","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2129_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.12.041","volume":"32","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Consistency and pathophysiological characterization of a rat polymicrobial sepsis model via the improved cecal ligation and puncture surgery. Int. Immunopharmacol. 32, 66\u201375 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2129_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8971036","volume":"6","author":"F Murando","year":"2019","unstructured":"Murando, F., Peloso, A. & Cobianchi, L. Experimental abdominal sepsis: Sticking to an awkward but still useful translational model. Mediat. Inflamm. 6, 1\u20138 (2019).","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"2129_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200679","volume":"134","author":"M Nandi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nandi, M. et al. Rethinking animal models of sepsis\u2014Working towards improved clinical translation whilst integrating the 3Rs. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 134, 1715\u20131734 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"2129_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.566582","volume":"7","author":"L Juh\u00e1sz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Juh\u00e1sz, L. et al. Divergent effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid and the synthetic analog SZR-72 on microcirculatory and mitochondrial dysfunction in experimental sepsis. Front. Med. 7, 848 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"2129_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480407000414","volume":"70","author":"PT Burch","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burch, P. T., Scott, M. J., Wortz, G. N., Peyton, J. C. & Cheadle, W. G. Mortality in murine peritonitis correlates with increased Escherichia coli adherence to the intestinal mucosa. Am. Surg. 70, 333\u2013341 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"2129_CR11","first-page":"120","volume":"58","author":"JA Nemzek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nemzek, J. A., Hugunin, K. M. S. & Opp, M. R. Modeling sepsis in the laboratory: Merging sound science with animal well-being. Comp. Med. 58, 120\u2013128 (2008).","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"2129_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.263","volume":"4","author":"T Shimazui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shimazui, T., Matsumura, Y., Nakada, T. & Oda, S. Serum levels of interleukin-6 may predict organ dysfunction earlier than SOFA score. Acute Med. Surg. 4, 255\u2013261 (2017).","journal-title":"Acute Med. Surg."},{"key":"2129_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.04.021","volume":"118","author":"BD Freeman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freeman, B. D., Machado, F. S., Tanowitz, H. B. & Desruisseaux, M. S. Endothelin-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Life Sci. 118, 110 (2014).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"2129_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502004000200001","volume":"19","author":"AG Garrido","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garrido, A. G., de Figueiredo, L. F. P. & Silva, M. R. E. Experimental models of sepsis and septic shock: An overview. Acta Cir. Bras. 19, 82\u201388 (2004).","journal-title":"Acta Cir. Bras."},{"key":"2129_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2011.039","volume":"15","author":"JA Claridge","year":"2014","unstructured":"Claridge, J. A. et al. Bacterial species-specific hospital mortality rate for intra-abdominal infections. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 15, 194\u2013199 (2014).","journal-title":"Surg. Infect. (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2129_CR16","first-page":"624","volume":"4","author":"S Pallav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pallav, S. The Laboratory rat: Relating its age with human\u2019s. Int. J. Prev. Med. 4, 624\u2013630 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"2129_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117863611882508","DOI":"10.1177\/1178636118825081","volume":"12","author":"HH Dolin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dolin, H. H., Papadimos, T. J., Chen, X. & Pan, Z. K. Characterization of pathogenic sepsis etiologies and patient profiles: A novel approach to triage and treatment. Microbiol. Insights 12, 1178636118825081 (2019).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Insights"},{"key":"2129_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20190029","volume":"48","author":"I Grondman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grondman, I., Pirvu, A., Riza, A., Ioana, M. & Netea, M. G. Biomarkers of inflammation and the etiology of sepsis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 48, 1\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"2129_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318181a343","volume":"30","author":"LF Poli-de-Figueiredo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poli-de-Figueiredo, L. F., Garrido, A. G., Nakagawa, N. & Sannomiya, P. Experimental models of sepsis and their clinical relevance. Shock 30, 53\u201359 (2008).","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2129_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2015.127","volume":"17","author":"PM Shah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shah, P. M. et al. Do polymicrobial intra-abdominal infections have worse outcomes than monomicrobial intra-abdominal infections? Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 17, 27\u201331 (2016).","journal-title":"Surg. Infect. (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2129_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000392","volume":"19","author":"L Aliaga","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aliaga, L., Mediavilla, J. D., Llos\u00e1, J., Miranda, C. & Rosa-Fraile, M. Clinical significance of polymicrobial versus monomicrobial bacteremia involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19, 871\u2013874 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2129_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i25.4053","volume":"19","author":"DQ Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, D. Q., Gao, Q. Y., Liu, H. B., Li, D. H. & Wu, S. W. Probiotics improve survival of septic rats by suppressing conditioned pathogens in ascites. World J. Gastroenterol. 19, 4053\u20134059 (2013).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2129_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01127-10","volume":"79","author":"G Barrera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barrera, G. et al. Model of polymicrobial peritonitis that induces the proinflammatory and immunosuppressive phases of sepsis. Infect. Immun. 79, 1280\u20131288 (2011).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2129_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i10.1493","volume":"12","author":"J Almeida","year":"2006","unstructured":"Almeida, J., Galhenage, S., Yu, J., Kurtovic, J. & Riordan, S. M. Gut flora and bacterial translocation in chronic liver disease. World J. Gastroenterol. 12, 1493 (2006).","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2129_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1775-3","volume":"20","author":"S Priya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Priya, S. & Blekhman, R. Population dynamics of the human gut microbiome. Change is the only constant. Genome Biol. 20, 150 (2019).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2129_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5306","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5306-5314.1999","volume":"67","author":"TA Russo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Russo, T. A., Carlino, U. B., Mong, A. & Jodush, S. T. Identification of genes in an extraintestinal isolate of Escherichia coli with increased expression after exposure to human urine. Infect. Immun. 67, 5306\u20135314 (1999).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2129_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1994.1018","volume":"16","author":"I M\u00fchldorfer","year":"1994","unstructured":"M\u00fchldorfer, I. & Hacker, J. Genetic aspects of Escherichia coli virulence. Microb. Pathog. 16, 171\u2013181 (1994).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"2129_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03923-13","volume":"80","author":"MH Hjelms\u00f8","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hjelms\u00f8, M. H. et al. High-resolution melt analysis for rapid comparison of bacterial community compositions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 3568\u20133575 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2129_CR29","first-page":"3064","volume":"63","author":"ER Sanders","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sanders, E. R. Aseptic laboratory techniques: Plating methods. J. Vis. Exp. 63, 3064 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"2129_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.043927-0","volume":"61","author":"E Nagy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nagy, E., Becker, S., Kostrzewa, M., Barta, N. & Urb\u00e1n, E. The value of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria in routine laboratories. J. Med. Microbiol. 61, 1393\u20131400 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2129_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002843","volume":"3","author":"S Sauer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sauer, S. et al. Classification and identification of bacteria by mass spectrometry and computational analysis. PLoS ONE 3, e2843 (2008).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2129_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12640","volume":"20","author":"EA Idelevich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Idelevich, E. A. et al. Rapid identification of microorganisms from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry subsequent to very short-term incubation on solid medium. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 20, 1001\u20131006 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"2129_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6412682","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6412682","volume":"2017","author":"P Rademann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rademann, P. et al. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants SkQ1 and MitoTEMPO failed to exert a long-term beneficial effect in murine polymicrobial sepsis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 6412682 (2017).","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02129-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02129-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02129-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T17:16:28Z","timestamp":1670087788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02129-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-02129-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22772"}}