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Based on scaling of life-history (LH) traits with body mass,<jats:italic>P. falconeri<\/jats:italic>is widely considered to be \u2018<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>-selected\u2019 by truncation of the growth period, associated with an early onset of reproduction and an abbreviated lifespan. These conjectures are, however, at odds with predictions from LH models for adaptive shifts in body size on islands. To settle the LH strategy of<jats:italic>P. falconeri<\/jats:italic>, we used bone, molar, and tusk histology to infer growth rates, age at first reproduction, and longevity. Our results from all approaches are congruent and provide evidence that the insular dwarf elephant grew at very slow rates over an extended period; attained maturity at the age of 15\u00a0years; and had a minimum lifespan of 68\u00a0years. This surpasses not only the values predicted from body mass but even those of both its giant sister taxon (<jats:italic>P. antiquus<\/jats:italic>) and its large mainland cousin (<jats:italic>L. africana<\/jats:italic>). The suite of LH traits of<jats:italic>P. falconeri<\/jats:italic>is consistent with the LH data hitherto inferred for other dwarfed insular mammals.<jats:italic>P. falconeri<\/jats:italic>, thus, not only epitomizes the Island Rule but it can also be viewed as a paradigm of evolutionary change towards a slow LH that accompanies the process of dwarfing in insular mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02192-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T11:02:33Z","timestamp":1637751753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Palaeohistology reveals a slow pace of life for the dwarfed Sicilian elephant"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Meike","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Herridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Nacarino-Meneses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Fortuny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Moncunill-Sol\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonietta","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Palombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Moy\u00e0-Sol\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2192_CR1","volume-title":"Ontogeny and Phylogeny","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gould, S. 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