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Therefore, it is important to examine the prevalence and associated factors of low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) in older adults. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were (i) to determine the prevalence of low ASMI (ASM\/height<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) and (ii) to identify factors associated with low ASMI. This study included 1211 community-dwelling adults aged\u2009\u2265\u200965\u00a0years. Low ASMI was defined as\u2009&lt;\u20097.0\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in males and\u2009&lt;\u20095.7\u00a0kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> in females (bioelectrical impedance analysis). Gender-specific cut-off values of calf circumference for low ASMI were determined. The prevalence of low ASMI in the overall cohort was 59.9%, i.e., 57.0% among males and 61.8% among females, with no significant difference between genders (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.1068). The prevalence of low ASMI was 81.3% in individuals at risk of malnutrition compared to 20.6% in their counterparts with normal nutritional status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Participants with low ASMI were older, had lower physical activity scores, and greater likelihood of hospitalization in prior 6\u00a0months compared with normal ASMI (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Low ASMI was associated with risk of malnutrition (odds ratio: 3.58 for medium risk, odds ratio: 12.50 for high risk), older age, smoking, drinking, smaller calf circumference, and lower bone mass (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.0328). Cut-off values of calf circumference for low ASMI for males was 33.4\u00a0cm and for females was 32.2\u00a0cm. In conclusion, we found that low ASMI was highly prevalent among community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition. Other significant factors associated with low ASMI were age, smoking, drinking, calf circumference, and bone mass. 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