{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:46:30Z","timestamp":1789652790716,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The number of elderly people is rapidly growing, and the proportion of elderly patients with multiple myeloma (MM) continues to increase. This study aimed to develop a frailty assessment tool based on clinical data and to estimate its feasibility in elderly patients with MM. This study analyzed data from 728 elderly transplant-ineligible patients with newly diagnosed MM who were treated between January 2010 and October 2019. Our clinical frailty index included age (&lt;\u200975, and\u2009\u2265\u200975\u00a0years), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI;\u2009&lt;\u20093 and\u2009\u2265\u20093), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score (ECOG score; 0, 1\u20132, and\u2009\u2265\u20093). Patients were classified as fit, intermediate, or frail if they had a score of 0, 1, or\u2009\u2265\u20092, respectively. The overall survival rates differed significantly according to frailty (fit vs. intermediate: hazard ratio [HR]\u2009=\u20092.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.43\u20134.06; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001; fit vs. frail: HR\u2009=\u20094.61; 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.74\u20137.77; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and intermediate vs. frail: HR\u2009=\u20091.91, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.49\u20132.45, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). The frail had significantly shorter EFS compared with the fit and intermediate group in our frailty index (fit vs. intermediate: HR\u2009=\u20091.34, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.92\u20131.96, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.132; fit vs. frail: HR\u2009=\u20092.06, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.40\u20133.02, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; and intermediate vs. frail: HR\u2009=\u20091.53, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.22\u20131.92, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively). The new clinical frailty index, which is based on age, CCI, and ECOG PS, can easily assess frailty in elderly patients with MM and can be helpful in predicting survival outcomes in real world clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02433-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T06:08:02Z","timestamp":1637820482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Development of a new clinical index to easily assess frailty of elderly patients with multiple myeloma in Asian population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ho Sup","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JiHyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Cheol","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Je-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dajung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2433_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0426","volume":"85","author":"I Turesson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turesson I, et al. Patterns of multiple myeloma during the past 5 decades: stable incidence rates for all age groups in the population but rapidly changing age distribution in the clinic. Mayo Clin Proc. 85, 225\u2013230 (2010).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"2433_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70282-7","volume":"15","author":"M Sant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sant, M. et al. Survival for haematological malignancies in Europe between 1997 and 2008 by region and age: Results of EUROCARE-5, a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 15, 931\u2013942 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"2433_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-358812","volume":"118","author":"A Palumbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palumbo, A. et al. Personalized therapy in multiple myeloma according to patient age and vulnerability: A report of the European Myeloma Network (EMN). 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Patient-centered practice in elderly myeloma patients: An overview and consensus from the European Myeloma Network (EMN). Leukemia 32, 1697\u20131712 (2018).","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"2433_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-615187","volume":"125","author":"A Palumbo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palumbo, A. et al. Geriatric assessment predicts survival and toxicities in elderly myeloma patients: An International Myeloma Working Group report. Blood 125, 2068\u20132074 (2015).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2433_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.162693","volume":"102","author":"M Engelhardt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Engelhardt, M. et al. A concise revised Myeloma Comorbidity Index as a valid prognostic instrument in a large cohort of 801 multiple myeloma patients. 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