{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:47:31Z","timestamp":1791388051036,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and Researchers for Industries","award":["PHD59I0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHD59I0040"]}]},{"name":"Second Century Fund (C2F), Chulalongkorn University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005076","name":"The Agricultural Research Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PRP6005020990"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRP6005020990"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two distinct experiments (Exp) were conducted to evaluate the shedding and efficacy of 2 modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 2 vaccines (MLV) when administered intramuscularly (IM) or intradermally (ID) (Exp A), and the potential of PRRSV transmission using a needle-free device (Exp B). One-hundred fifty-four, 3-week-old castrated-male, pigs were procured from a PRRSV-free herd. In Exp A, 112 pigs were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 21 pigs including IM\/Ingelvac MLV (G1), IM\/Prime Pac (G2), ID\/Prime Pac (G3), and non-vaccination (G4). Twenty-eight remaining pigs were served as non-vaccination, age-matched sentinel pigs. G1 was IM vaccinated once with Ingelvac PRRS MLV (Ing) (Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany). G2 and G3 were IM and ID vaccinated once with a different MLV, Prime Pac PRRS (PP) (MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands), respectively. Following vaccination, an antibody response, IFN-\u03b3-SC, and IL-10 secretion in supernatants of stimulated PBMC were monitored. Sera, tonsils, nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage, urines, and feces were collected from 3 vaccinated pigs each week to 42\u00a0days post-vaccination (DPV) and assayed for the presence of PRRSV using virus isolation and qPCR. Age-matched sentinel pigs were used to evaluate the transmission of vaccine viruses and were introduced into vaccinated groups from 0 to 42 DPV. Seroconversion was monitored. In Exp B, 42 pigs were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 3 pigs each including IM\/High (T1), ID\/High (T2), IM\/Low (T3), ID\/Low (T4), and NoChal. Twenty-seven remaining pigs were left as non-challenge, age-matched sentinel pigs. The T1 and T2, and T3 and T4 groups were intranasally challenged at approximately 26\u00a0days of age with HP-PRRSV-2 at high (10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>) and low (10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\/ml) doses, respectively. At 7\u00a0days post-challenge, at the time of the highest viremia levels of HP-PRRSV-2, T1 and T2, and T3 and T4 groups were IM and ID injected with Diluvac Forte using needles and a need-less device (IDAL 3G, MSD Animal Health, The Netherlands), respectively. Same needles or needle-less devices were used to inject the same volume of Diluvac Forte into sentinel pigs. Seroconversion of sentinels was evaluated. The results demonstrated that PP vaccinated groups (G2 and G3), regardless of the route of vaccination, had ELISA response significantly lower than G1 at 7 and 14 DPV. PP-vaccinated groups (G2 and G3) had significantly higher IFN-\u03b3-SC and lower IL-10 secretion compared to the Ing-vaccinated group (G1). The two different MLV when administered intramuscularly demonstrated the difference in virus distribution and shedding patterns. PP-vaccinated pigs had significantly shortened viremia than the Ing-vaccinated pigs. However, ID-vaccinated pigs had lower virus distribution in organs and body fluids without virus shedding to sentinel pigs. In Exp B, regardless of the challenge dose, sentinel pigs intradermally injected with the same needle-less device used to inject challenged pigs displayed no seroconversion. In contrast, sentinel pigs intramuscularly injected with the same needle used to inject challenged pigs displayed seroconversion. The results demonstrated the transmission of PRRSV by using a needle, but not by using a needle-less device. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that ID vaccination might represent an alternative to improve vaccine efficacy and safety, and may be able to reduce the shedding of vaccine viruses and reduce the iatrogenic transfer of pathogens between animals with shared needles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02444-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T11:02:58Z","timestamp":1638183778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Safety of PRRSV-2 MLV vaccines administrated via the intramuscular or intradermal route and evaluation of PRRSV transmission upon needle-free and needle delivery"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adthakorn","family":"Madapong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kepalee","family":"Saeng-chuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angkana","family":"Tantituvanont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dachrit","family":"Nilubol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2444_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.01.52","volume":"59","author":"WL Mengeling","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mengeling, W. L., Lager, K. M. & Vorwald, A. C. Clinical effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on pigs during the early postnatal interval. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59, 52\u201355 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"2444_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/s0007-1935(96)80071-6","volume":"152","author":"SH Done","year":"1996","unstructured":"Done, S. H., Paton, D. J. & White, M. E. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS): A review, with emphasis on pathological, virological and diagnostic aspects. Br. Vet. J. 152, 153\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0007-1935(96)80071-6 (1996).","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"2444_CR3","first-page":"629","volume":"142","author":"D Cavanagh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cavanagh, D. Nidovirales: A new order comprising Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae. Arch. Virol. 142, 629\u2013633 (1997).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2672-z","volume":"161","author":"JH Kuhn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuhn, J. H. et al. Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae. Arch. Virol. 161, 755\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-015-2672-z (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030316","author":"WH Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, W. H. et al. Outbreak of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 in Taiwan. Viruses https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12030316 (2020).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2444_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581856","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.581856","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Structural characterization of non-structural protein 9 complexed with specific nanobody pinpoints two important residues involved in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Front. Microbiol. 11, 581856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.581856 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.029","volume":"165","author":"T Stadejek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stadejek, T., Stankevicius, A., Murtaugh, M. P. & Oleksiewicz, M. B. Molecular evolution of PRRSV in Europe: Current state of play. Vet. Microbiol. 165, 21\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.029 (2013).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400201","volume":"4","author":"JE Collins","year":"1992","unstructured":"Collins, J. E. et al. Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 4, 117\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/104063879200400201 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"2444_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8700","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02551-09","volume":"84","author":"M Shi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shi, M. et al. Phylogeny-based evolutionary, demographical, and geographical dissection of North American type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. J. Virol. 84, 8700\u20138711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02551-09 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.027995-0","volume":"92","author":"N Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen, N. et al. Emergence of novel European genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mainland China. J. Gen. Virol. 92, 880\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.027995-0 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-177","volume":"8","author":"HK Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim, H. K. et al. Experimental infection of a newly emerging Korean type I porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolate in colostrum-deprived pigs. Virol. J. 8, 177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-8-177 (2011).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2444_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1573-7","volume":"158","author":"D Nilubol","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nilubol, D., Tripipat, T., Hoonsuwan, T., Tipsombatboon, P. & Piriyapongsa, J. Genetic diversity of the ORF5 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genotypes I and II in Thailand. Arch. Virol. 158, 943\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-012-1573-7 (2013).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.111105","volume":"18","author":"D Nilubol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nilubol, D., Tripipat, T., Hoonsuwan, T. & Kortheerakul, K. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Thailand, 2010\u20132011. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18, 2039\u20132043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1812.111105 (2012).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2444_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.019","volume":"193","author":"M Roca","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roca, M. et al. Effects of challenge with a virulent genotype II strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on piglets vaccinated with an attenuated genotype I strain vaccine. Vet. J. 193, 92\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.019 (2012).","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"2444_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.10.011","volume":"103","author":"C Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, C. et al. Concurrent vaccination of pigs with type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) protects against type 1 PRRSV but not against type 2 PRRSV on dually challenged pigs. Res. Vet. Sci. 103, 193\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2015.10.011 (2015).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"2444_CR16","first-page":"12","volume":"81","author":"J Jeong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Park, C., Choi, K. & Chae, C. Evaluation of the new commercial recombinant chimeric subunit vaccine PRRSFREE in challenge with heterologous types 1 and 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Can. J. Vet. Res. 81, 12\u201321 (2017).","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"2444_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.07.006","volume":"192","author":"J Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Choi, K., Kang, I., Park, C. & Chae, C. Evaluation of a 20\u00a0year old porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) modified live vaccine (Ingelvac((R)) PRRS MLV) against two recent type 2 PRRS virus isolates in South Korea. Vet. Microbiol. 192, 102\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.07.006 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58626-y","volume":"10","author":"A Madapong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madapong, A., Saeng-Chuto, K., Boonsoongnern, A., Tantituvanont, A. & Nilubol, D. Cell-mediated immune response and protective efficacy of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modified-live vaccines against co-challenge with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2. Sci. Rep. 10, 1649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-58626-y (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2444_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1135(02)00427-3","volume":"93","author":"WL Mengeling","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mengeling, W. L., Lager, K. M., Vorwald, A. C. & Koehler, K. J. Strain specificity of the immune response of pigs following vaccination with various strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet. Microbiol. 93, 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-1135(02)00427-3 (2003).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-115","volume":"44","author":"FJ Martinez-Lobo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martinez-Lobo, F. J. et al. Safety of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome modified live virus (MLV) vaccine strains in a young pig infection model. Vet. Res. 44, 115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1297-9716-44-115 (2013).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"2444_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.06.834","volume":"57","author":"WL Mengeling","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mengeling, W. L., Vorwald, A. C., Lager, K. M. & Brockmeier, S. L. Comparison among strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus for their ability to cause reproductive failure. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57, 834\u2013839 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"2444_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.191111","volume":"25","author":"A Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, A. et al. Recombination between vaccine and field strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 25, 2335\u20132337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2512.191111 (2019).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2444_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.048","volume":"31","author":"BG Weniger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weniger, B. G. & Glenn, G. M. Cutaneous vaccination: Antigen delivery into or onto the skin. Vaccine 31, 3389\u20133391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.048 (2013).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2444_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.12.058","volume":"34","author":"JB Le Luduec","year":"2016","unstructured":"Le Luduec, J. B. et al. Intradermal vaccination with un-adjuvanted sub-unit vaccines triggers skin innate immunity and confers protective respiratory immunity in domestic swine. Vaccine 34, 914\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.12.058 (2016).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2444_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.03.028","volume":"27","author":"P Martelli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martelli, P. et al. Efficacy of a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in pigs naturally exposed to a heterologous European (Italian cluster) field strain: Clinical protection and cell-mediated immunity. Vaccine 27, 3788\u20133799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.03.028 (2009).","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2444_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.11.006","volume":"151","author":"L Ferrari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrari, L. et al. Lymphocyte activation as cytokine gene expression and secretion is related to the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate after in vitro homologous and heterologous recall of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from pigs vaccinated and exposed to natural infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 151, 193\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.11.006 (2013).","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2444_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108655","volume":"244","author":"A Madapong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madapong, A. et al. Immune response and protective efficacy of intramuscular and intradermal vaccination with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) modified live vaccine against highly pathogenic PRRSV-2 (HP-PRRSV-2) challenge, either alone or in combination with of PRRSV-1. Vet. Microbiol. 244, 108655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108655 (2020).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104466","volume":"181","author":"L Beffort","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beffort, L. et al. Field study on the safety and efficacy of intradermal versus intramuscular vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet. Rec. 181, 348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.104466 (2017).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"2444_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.025","volume":"168","author":"P Martelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martelli, P. et al. Systemic and local immune response in pigs intradermally and intramuscularly injected with inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines. Vet. Microbiol. 168, 357\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.11.025 (2014).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trivac.2016.01.002","volume":"5","author":"M Sno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sno, M. et al. Efficacy and safety of a new intradermal PCV2 vaccine in pigs. Trials Vaccinol. 5, 24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trivac.2016.01.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Trials Vaccinol."},{"key":"2444_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.04.026","volume":"90","author":"L Ferrari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferrari, L. et al. Evaluation of the immune response induced by intradermal vaccination by using a needle-less system in comparison with the intramuscular route in conventional pigs. Res. Vet. Sci. 90, 64\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.04.026 (2011).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"2444_CR32","first-page":"11","volume":"8","author":"E Mikulska-Skupien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mikulska-Skupien, E., Szweda, W. & Procajlo, Z. Evaluation of specific humoral immune response in pigs vaccinated intradermally with deleted Aujeszky\u2019s disease vaccine and challenged with virulent strain of Herpesvirus suis type 1. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 8, 11\u201316 (2005).","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"2444_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4573.1995.tb00581.x","volume":"6","author":"JE Cannon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cannon, J. E. et al. Pork quality audit: A review of the factors influencing pork quality 1. J. Muscle Food 6, 369\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-4573.1995.tb00581.x (1995).","journal-title":"J. Muscle Food"},{"key":"2444_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0391-4","volume":"47","author":"E Pileri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pileri, E. & Mateu, E. Review on the transmission porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between pigs and farms and impact on vaccination. Vet. Res. 47, 108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-016-0391-4 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"2444_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.013","volume":"179","author":"DT Do","year":"2015","unstructured":"Do, D. T. et al. Comparison of two genetically distant type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live vaccines against Vietnamese highly pathogenic PRRSV. Vet. Microbiol. 179, 233\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.013 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1781-9","volume":"159","author":"D Nilubol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nilubol, D., Tripipat, T., Hoonsuwan, T., Tipsombatboon, P. & Piriyapongsa, J. Dynamics and evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) ORF5 following modified live PRRSV vaccination in a PRRSV-infected herd. Arch. Virol. 159, 17\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-013-1781-9 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3084-4","volume":"162","author":"A Madapong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madapong, A. et al. Humoral immune responses and viral shedding following vaccination with modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines. Arch. Virol. 162, 139\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-016-3084-4 (2017).","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.12.025","volume":"30","author":"P Chaikhumwang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaikhumwang, P. et al. Dynamics and evolution of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus following its introduction into a herd concurrently infected with both types 1 and 2. Infect. Genet. Evol. 30, 164\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.12.025 (2015).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"2444_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200606","volume":"32","author":"PG Halbur","year":"1995","unstructured":"Halbur, P. G. et al. Comparison of the pathogenicity of two US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates with that of the Lelystad virus. Vet. Pathol. 32, 648\u2013660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098589503200606 (1995).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"2444_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1156-1160.2000","volume":"38","author":"P Halbur","year":"2000","unstructured":"Halbur, P. et al. Efficacy of antimicrobial treatments and vaccination regimens for control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Streptococcus suis coinfection of nursery pigs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 1156\u20131160 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.05.006","volume":"102","author":"D Nilubol","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nilubol, D., Platt, K. B., Halbur, P. G., Torremorell, M. & Harris, D. L. The effect of a killed porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine treatment on virus shedding in previously PRRSV infected pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 102, 11\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.05.006 (2004).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.8.16274","volume":"7","author":"B Combadiere","year":"2011","unstructured":"Combadiere, B. & Liard, C. Transcutaneous and intradermal vaccination. Hum. Vaccines 7, 811\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/hv.7.8.16274 (2011).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines"},{"key":"2444_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01529","volume":"10","author":"DY Tesfaye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tesfaye, D. Y., Gudjonsson, A., Bogen, B. & Fossum, E. Targeting conventional dendritic cells to fine-tune antibody responses. Front. Immunol. 10, 1529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01529 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2444_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80959-0","volume":"86","author":"I Diaz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Diaz, I., Darwich, L., Pappaterra, G., Pujols, J. & Mateu, E. Immune responses of pigs after experimental infection with a European strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Gen. Virol. 86, 1943\u20131951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.80959-0 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9975(03)00036-7","volume":"129","author":"HK Chung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chung, H. K. & Chae, C. Expression of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12 in piglets experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). J. Comp. Pathol. 129, 205\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0021-9975(03)00036-7 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"2444_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.03.046","volume":"351","author":"I Diaz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diaz, I., Darwich, L., Pappaterra, G., Pujols, J. & Mateu, E. Different European-type vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus have different immunological properties and confer different protection to pigs. Virology 351, 249\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2006.03.046 (2006).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2444_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.024","volume":"396","author":"E Silva-Campa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silva-Campa, E. et al. European genotype of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) infects monocyte-derived dendritic cells but does not induce Treg cells. Virology 396, 264\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2009.10.024 (2010).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2444_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.02.033","volume":"387","author":"E Silva-Campa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silva-Campa, E. et al. Induction of T helper 3 regulatory cells by dendritic cells infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology 387, 373\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2009.02.033 (2009).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2444_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.025","volume":"154","author":"FJ Martinez-Lobo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Martinez-Lobo, F. J. et al. Comparative pathogenicity of type 1 and type 2 isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a young pig infection model. Vet. Microbiol. 154, 58\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.025 (2011).","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589603300205","volume":"33","author":"PG Halbur","year":"1996","unstructured":"Halbur, P. G. et al. Comparison of the antigen distribution of two US porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates with that of the Lelystad virus. Vet. Pathol. 33, 159\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098589603300205 (1996).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"2444_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589503200404","volume":"32","author":"KD Rossow","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rossow, K. D. et al. Pathogenesis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in gnotobiotic pigs. Vet. Pathol. 32, 361\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098589503200404 (1995).","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"2444_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10712","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01446-15","volume":"89","author":"K Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao, K. et al. Importation and recombination are responsible for the latest emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China. J. Virol. 89, 10712\u201310716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01446-15 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2444_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0735-3","volume":"14","author":"H Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao, H. et al. Emergence of mosaic recombinant strains potentially associated with vaccine JXA1-R and predominant circulating strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in different provinces of China. Virol. J. 14, 67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-017-0735-3 (2017).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2444_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.090390","volume":"15","author":"B Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Recombination in vaccine and circulating strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 15, 2032\u20132035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1512.090390 (2009).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2444_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.2.56","volume":"156","author":"SA Dee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dee, S. A., Martinez, B. C. & Clanton, C. Survival and infectivity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine lagoon effluent. Vet. Rec. 156, 56\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.156.2.56 (2005).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"2444_CR56","first-page":"629","volume":"30","author":"KJ Yoon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yoon, K. J. et al. Effect of challenge dose and route on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in young swine. Vet. Res. 30, 629\u2013638 (1999).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"2444_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00192361","volume":"49","author":"A Verhagen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Verhagen, A., Ebels, J. T., Dogterom, A. A. & Jonkman, J. H. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of recombinant human growth hormone after subcutaneous administration by jet-injection: Comparison with conventional needle-injection. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49, 69\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00192361 (1995).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2444_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.3.5.565","volume":"3","author":"J Baxter","year":"2006","unstructured":"Baxter, J. & Mitragotri, S. Needle-free liquid jet injections: Mechanisms and applications. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 3, 565\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/17434440.3.5.565 (2006).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"2444_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-20-3-393","volume":"20","author":"PR Brink","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brink, P. R., van Loon, A. M., Trommelen, J. C., Gribnau, F. W. & Smale-Novakova, I. R. Virus transmission by subcutaneous jet injection. J. Med. Microbiol. 20, 393\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00222615-20-3-393 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2444_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002062","volume":"81","author":"LJ Ball","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ball, L. J. et al. Sharing of injection drug preparation equipment is associated with HIV infection: A cross-sectional study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 81, e99\u2013e103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002062 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02444-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02444-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02444-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T06:14:21Z","timestamp":1726208061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-02444-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-02444-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23107"}}