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It enables the still dependent infants to achieve an extended rapid brain growth, slow somatic maturation, while benefitting from provisioning, transitional feeding, and protection from other group members. This tipping point in the evolution of human ontogeny likely emerged from early<jats:italic>Homo.<\/jats:italic>The GAR IVE hemi-mandible (1.8\u00a0Ma, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) represents one of the rarely preserved early<jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>infants (~\u20093\u00a0years at death), recovered in a richly documented Oldowan archaeological context. Yet, based on the sole external inspection of its teeth, GAR IVE was diagnosed with a rare genetic disease\u2013amelogenesis imperfecta (AI)\u2013altering enamel. Since it may have impacted the child\u2019s survival, this diagnosis deserves deeper examination. Here, we reassess and refute this diagnosis and all associated interpretations, using an unprecedented multidisciplinary approach combining an in-depth analysis of GAR IVE (synchrotron imaging) and associated fauna. Some of the traits previously considered as diagnostic of AI can be better explained by normal growth or taphonomy, which calls for caution when diagnosing pathologies on fossils. We compare GAR IVE\u2019s dental development to other fossil hominins, and discuss the implications for the emergence of childhood in early<jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02462-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T11:02:58Z","timestamp":1638183778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Insights into the palaeobiology of an early Homo infant: multidisciplinary investigation of the GAR IVE hemi-mandible, Melka Kunture, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Adeline","family":"Le Cabec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Colard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Charabidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Chaussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Gaudzinski-Windheuser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Hublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita T.","family":"Melis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Ramirez-Rozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Mussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330860206","volume":"86","author":"BH Smith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smith, B. 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