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We previously demonstrated that neonatal X-irradiation induced specific deformation of the thyroid follicles. Here, we further analyzed this model to understand the possible relationship with thyroid carcinogenesis. Wistar rats were subjected to cervical X-irradiation at different ages of 1\u20138\u00a0weeks old and at different doses of 1.5\u201312\u00a0Gy. For tumor promotion, rats were fed with an iodine-deficient diet (IDD). In cervically X-irradiated neonatal rats, the size of thyroid follicles decreased, accompanied by an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells. <jats:italic>Fas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lgals3<\/jats:italic> mRNA levels increased, while <jats:italic>Mct8<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lat4<\/jats:italic> expressions decreased. The co-administration of IDD induced the proliferation and the upregulation in <jats:italic>Lgals3<\/jats:italic> expression, resulting in thyroid adenoma development at 28\u00a0weeks post-exposure. Our data demonstrated that single neonatal X-irradiation induced continuous apoptotic activity in the thyroid with the long-term alternation in <jats:italic>Fas<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Mct8<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lat4<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lgals3<\/jats:italic> mRNA expressions. Some of these changes were similar to those induced by IDD, suggesting that neonatal X-irradiation may partially act as a thyroid tumor promoter. These radiation-induced thyroidal changes may be enhanced by the combined treatment with IDD, resulting in the early development of thyroid adenoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03012-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T11:03:07Z","timestamp":1638961387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Single neonatal irradiation induces long-term gene expression changes in the thyroid gland, which may be involved in the tumorigenesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nariaki","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Matsuu-Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3012_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000257","volume":"61","author":"ML Iglesias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iglesias, M. 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