{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:34:57Z","timestamp":1792722897193,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is limited research into Invasive fungal disease (IFD) in children with no underlying disease. We undertook a retrospective study of children with IFD who did not suffer from another underlying disease, from June 2010 to March 2018 in Changsha, China. Nine children were identified. Eosinophil counts were elevated in six cases. The level of procalcitonin (PCT) was elevated in six cases. Fungal culture was positive in all patients, including eight cases of Cryptococcus neoformans and one case of Candida parapsilosis. 8.33\u00a0days\u00a0following antifungal treatment, the body temperature of the eight patients affected by cryptococcal disease had returned to normal. Our study indicates that the primary pathogen in IFD was Cryptococcus neoformans in children who had no other underlying disease. Eosinophils can be considered to be indicators of cryptococcal infection. IFD in children with no other underlying disease has a satisfactory prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03099-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T11:03:21Z","timestamp":1641553401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical features of invasive fungal disease in children with no underlying disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chentao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangrong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0271","volume":"116","author":"M von Lilienfeld-Toal","year":"2019","unstructured":"von Lilienfeld-Toal, M., Wagener, J., Einsele, H., Cornely, O. A. & Kurzai, O. Invasive fungal infection. Deutsches Arzteblatt Int. 116, 271\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0271 (2019).","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt Int."},{"key":"3099_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy187","volume":"5","author":"BJ Webb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Webb, B. J. et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of invasive fungal infection in a US health care network. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 5, 187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofy187 (2018).","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3099_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.11.001","volume":"26","author":"JP Gangneux","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gangneux, J. P. et al. An estimation of burden of serious fungal infections in France. Jo. Mycol. Med. 26, 385\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mycmed.2016.11.001 (2016).","journal-title":"Jo. Mycol. Med."},{"key":"3099_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.10.005","volume":"74","author":"M Pegorie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pegorie, M., Denning, D. W. & Welfare, W. Estimating the burden of invasive and serious fungal disease in the United Kingdom. J. Infect. 74, 60\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.10.005 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"3099_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.004","volume":"30","author":"S Vallabhaneni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vallabhaneni, S., Mody, R. K., Walker, T. & Chiller, T. The global burden of fungal diseases. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 30, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.004 (2016).","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"3099_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165113","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","volume":"4","author":"GD Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown, G. D. et al. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 165113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404 (2012).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"3099_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","volume":"46","author":"B De Pauw","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Pauw, B. et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer\/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC\/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 1813\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/588660 (2008).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3099_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1086\/649858","volume":"50","author":"JR Perfect","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perfect, J. R. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease: 2010 update by the infectious diseases society of america. Clin. Infect. Dis. 50, 291\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/649858 (2010).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3099_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.2012.0093","volume":"11","author":"Q Wan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wan, Q., Ye, Q. & Zhou, J. Mortality predictors of bloodstream infections in solid-organ transplant recipients. Exp. Clin. Transpl. 11, 211\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6002\/ect.2012.0093 (2013).","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"3099_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2012.06.080","volume":"45","author":"QQ Wan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wan, Q. Q. et al. The risk factors for mortality in deceased donor liver transplant recipients with bloodstream infections. Transpl. Proc. 45, 305\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.transproceed.2012.06.080 (2013).","journal-title":"Transpl. Proc."},{"key":"3099_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix053","volume":"6","author":"J King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King, J., Pana, Z. D., Lehrnbecher, T., Steinbach, W. J. & Warris, A. Recognition and clinical presentation of invasive fungal disease in neonates and children. J.Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 6, S12\u2013S21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/pix053 (2017).","journal-title":"J.Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"3099_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.06.069","volume":"368","author":"ZR Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan, Z. R., Long, X. Y., Li, G. L., Zhou, J. X. & Long, L. Spectrum of neuroimaging findings in cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompetent patients in China\u2014A series of 18 cases. J. Neurol. Sci. 368, 132\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2016.06.069 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"3099_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.167","volume":"13","author":"PR Williamson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williamson, P. R. et al. Cryptococcal meningitis: Epidemiology, immunology, diagnosis and therapy. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 13, 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.167 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"3099_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03351.x","volume":"132","author":"AP Garro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garro, A. P., Chiapello, L. S., Baronetti, J. L. & Masih, D. T. Rat eosinophils stimulate the expansion of Cryptococcus neoformans-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells with a T-helper 1 profile. Immunology 132, 174\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03351.x (2011).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"3099_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03479.x","volume":"134","author":"AP Garro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garro, A. P., Chiapello, L. S., Baronetti, J. L. & Masih, D. T. Eosinophils elicit proliferation of naive and fungal-specific cells in vivo so enhancing a T helper type 1 cytokine profile in favour of a protective immune response against Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Immunology 134, 198\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03479.x (2011).","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"3099_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72950","volume":"124","author":"W Sabiiti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sabiiti, W. et al. Efficient phagocytosis and laccase activity affect the outcome of HIV-associated cryptococcosis. J. Clin. Investig. 124, 2000\u20132008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI72950 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"379","key":"3099_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.11.011","volume":"21","author":"S Yan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yan, S. et al. Paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with cryptococcal meningitis in China: a 5-year retrospective cohort study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 21(379), e311-374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.11.011 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"3099_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-013-1844-1","volume":"21","author":"M Markova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Markova, M. et al. Substantially elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), together with low levels of procalcitonin (PCT), contributes to diagnosis of fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Support. Care Cancer 21, 2733\u20132742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00520-013-1844-1 (2013).","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"3099_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-1312-z","volume":"24","author":"GL Petrikkos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petrikkos, G. L. et al. Value of measuring serum procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and mannan antigens to distinguish fungal from bacterial infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 24, 272\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-005-1312-z (2005).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3099_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2011.178","volume":"47","author":"O Marchetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marchetti, O. et al. ECIL recommendations for the use of biological markers for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in leukemic patients and hematopoietic SCT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 47, 846\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bmt.2011.178 (2012).","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"3099_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043347","volume":"7","author":"M Zou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zou, M. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of detecting galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. PLoS ONE 7, e43347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0043347 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3099_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12584","volume":"60","author":"P Gupta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gupta, P. et al. Comparative evaluation of pan-fungal real-time PCR, galactomannan and (1\u20133)-beta-D-glucan assay for invasive fungal infection in paediatric cancer patients. Mycoses 60, 234\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/myc.12584 (2017).","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"3099_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1086\/647942","volume":"49","author":"S Koo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koo, S., Bryar, J. M., Page, J. H., Baden, L. R. & Marty, F. M. Diagnostic performance of the (1\u2013>3)-beta-D-glucan assay for invasive fungal disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49, 1650\u20131659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/647942 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3099_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.019299-0","volume":"59","author":"Z Racil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Racil, Z. et al. Difficulties in using 1,3-{beta}-D-glucan as the screening test for the early diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies\u2013high frequency of false-positive results and their analysis. J. Med. Microbiol. 59, 1016\u20131022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.019299-0 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"3099_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.017","volume":"78","author":"W Fang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fang, W., Fa, Z. & Liao, W. Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in China. Fungal Genet. Biol. FG & B 78, 7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fgb.2014.10.017 (2015).","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol. FG & B"},{"key":"3099_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/pix046","volume":"6","author":"ZD Pana","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pana, Z. D., Roilides, E., Warris, A., Groll, A. H. & Zaoutis, T. Epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in children. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc. 6, S3\u2013S11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jpids\/pix046 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03099-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03099-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03099-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T20:08:13Z","timestamp":1669320493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03099-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-03099-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"208"}}