{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:55:53Z","timestamp":1790502953877,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011773","name":"Conseil r\u00e9gional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an emerging noninvasive brain neuromodulation technique aimed at relieving symptoms associated with psychiatric disorders, including addiction. The goal of the present study was to better identify which phase of alcohol-related behavior (hedonic effect, behavioral sensitization, self-administration, or motivation to obtain the drug) might be modulated by repeated anodal tDCS over the frontal cortex (0.2\u00a0mA, 20\u00a0min, twice a day for 5 consecutive days), using female mice as a model. Our data showed that tDCS did not modulate the hedonic effects of ethanol as assessed by a conditioned place preference test (CPP) or the expression of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization. Interestingly, tDCS robustly reduced reacquisition of ethanol consumption (50% decrease) following extinction of self-administration in an operant paradigm. Furthermore, tDCS significantly decreased motivation to drink ethanol on a progressive ratio schedule (30% decrease). Taken together, our results show a dissociation between the effects of tDCS on \u201cliking\u201d (hedonic aspect; no effect in the CPP) and \u201cwanting\u201d (motivation; decreased consumption on a progressive ratio schedule). Our tDCS procedure in rodents will allow us to better understand its mechanisms of action in order to accelerate its use as a complementary and innovative tool to help alcohol-dependent patients maintain abstinence or reduce ethanol intake.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03940-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T11:03:21Z","timestamp":1641553401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduces motivation to drink ethanol and reacquisition of ethanol self-administration in female mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sol\u00e8ne","family":"Pedron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Dumontoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria del Carmen","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Coune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andries","family":"Van Schuerbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Haffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mickael","family":"Naassila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Van Waes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1579","volume":"8","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Everitt, B. J. & Robbins, T. W. Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1481\u20131489 (2005).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"3940_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.043","volume":"56","author":"GF Koob","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koob, G. F. Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compulsivity in addiction. Neuropharmacology 56, 18\u201331 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.52","volume":"278","author":"GF Koob","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koob, G. F. & Moal, M. L. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278, 52\u201358 (1997).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","volume":"35","author":"GF Koob","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koob, G. F. & Volkow, N. D. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 217\u2013238 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3940_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0093","volume":"363","author":"TE Robinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robinson, T. E. & Berridge, K. C. The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363, 3137\u20133146 (2008).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"3940_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.01.030","volume":"95","author":"J Fairbanks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fairbanks, J. et al. Evidence-based pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder: clinical pearls. Mayo Clin. Proc. 95, 1964\u20131977 (2020).","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"3940_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2014.04.001","volume":"48","author":"HC Becker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Becker, H. C. & Ron, D. Animal models of excessive alcohol consumption: recent advances and future challenges. Alcohol 48, 205\u2013208 (2014).","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"3940_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3120-y","volume":"229","author":"JM Bossert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bossert, J. M. et al. The reinstatement model of drug relapse: recent neurobiological findings, emerging research topics, and translational research. Psychopharmacology 229, 453\u2013476 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3940_CR9","first-page":"447","volume":"105","author":"G Testino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Testino, G., Leone, S. & Borro, P. Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption. Minerva Med. 105, 447\u2013466 (2014).","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"3940_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01164","volume":"10","author":"F Panin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Panin, F. & Peana, A. T. Sleep and the pharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorder: unfortunate bedfellows. A systematic review with meta-analysis. Front. Pharmacol. 10, 1164 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1642","volume":"159","author":"RZ Goldstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldstein, R. Z. & Volkow, N. D. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 159, 1642\u20131652 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3940_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.11.016","volume":"35","author":"MC Van den Oever","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van den Oever, M. C. et al. Prefrontal cortex plasticity mechanisms in drug seeking and relapse. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 35, 276\u2013284 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"3940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.02.007","volume":"5","author":"SK Kessler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kessler, S. K. et al. Differences in the experience of active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimulat 5, 155\u2013162 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat"},{"key":"3940_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.007","volume":"104","author":"H Ekhtiari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekhtiari, H. et al. Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: a consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 104, 118\u2013140 (2019).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"3940_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00159","volume":"8","author":"D Bennabi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bennabi, D. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for memory enhancement: from clinical research to animal models. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8, 159 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"3940_CR16","first-page":"671","volume":"9","author":"LVM Apar\u00edcio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Apar\u00edcio, L. V. M. et al. A systematic review on the acceptability and tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation treatment in neuropsychiatry trials. Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation 9, 671\u2013681 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"3940_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.05.008","volume":"9","author":"B Paneri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paneri, B. et al. Tolerability of repeated application of transcranial electrical stimulation with limited outputs to healthy subjects. Brain Stimul. 9, 740\u2013754 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.027","volume":"13","author":"N Khadka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khadka, N. et al. Adaptive current tDCS up to 4 mA. Brain Stimul. 13, 69\u201379 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00716","volume":"9","author":"J Klauss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klauss, J. et al. Multiple sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reduced craving and relapses for alcohol use: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in alcohol use disorder. Front. Pharmacol. 9, 716 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109950","volume":"102","author":"B Holla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holla, B. et al. Effect of prefrontal tDCS on resting brain fMRI graph measures in alcohol use disorders: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 102, 109950 (2020).","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3940_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.07.041","volume":"463","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boggio, P. S. et al. Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving. Neurosci. Lett. 463, 82\u201386 (2009).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"3940_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.10.004","volume":"9","author":"M Falcone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falcone, M. et al. Transcranial direct current brain stimulation increases ability to resist smoking. Brain Stimul. 9, 191\u2013196 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.016","volume":"194","author":"M Falcone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falcone, M. et al. Lack of effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on short-term smoking cessation: results of a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 194, 244\u2013251 (2019).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"3940_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.036","volume":"140","author":"S Fecteau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fecteau, S. et al. Modulation of smoking and decision-making behaviors with transcranial direct current stimulation in tobacco smokers: a preliminary study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 140, 78\u201384 (2014).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"3940_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0105","volume":"69","author":"F Fregni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fregni, F. et al. Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 69, 32\u201340 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3940_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.09.006","volume":"168","author":"AM Kroczek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kroczek, A. M. et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on craving, heart-rate variability and prefrontal hemodynamics during smoking cue exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 168, 123\u2013127 (2016).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"3940_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.03.007","volume":"54","author":"Z Meng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meng, Z. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the frontal-parietal-temporal area attenuates smoking behavior. J. Psychiatr. Res. 54, 19\u201325 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"3940_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.06.019","volume":"112","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boggio, P. S. et al. Modulation of risk-taking in marijuana users by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Drug Alcohol Depend. 112, 220\u2013225 (2010).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"3940_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000686","volume":"17","author":"A Shahbabaie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahbabaie, A. et al. State dependent effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on methamphetamine craving. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17, 1591\u20131598 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00907","volume":"9","author":"A Shahbabaie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shahbabaie, A. et al. Optimizing electrode montages of transcranial direct current stimulation for attentional bias modification in early abstinent methamphetamine users. Front. Pharmacol. 9, 907 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00922","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.922","volume":"8","author":"A Shahbabaie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shahbabaie, A. et al. Transcranial DC stimulation modifies functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks in abstinent methamphetamine users. Brain Behav. 8, e00922 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"3940_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.011","volume":"92","author":"PS Boggio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boggio, P. S. et al. Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: a double-blind, sham-controlled study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 92, 55\u201360 (2008).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"3940_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2013.07.003","volume":"107","author":"MC da Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"da Silva, M. C. et al. Behavioral effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) induced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plasticity in alcohol dependence. J. Physiol.-Paris 107, 493\u2013502 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol.-Paris"},{"key":"3940_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.12.004","volume":"105","author":"TE den Uyl","year":"2015","unstructured":"den Uyl, T. E., Gladwin, T. E. & Wiers, R. W. Transcranial direct current stimulation, implicit alcohol associations and craving. Biol. Psychol. 105, 37\u201342 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"3940_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13171","volume":"40","author":"TE den Uyl","year":"2016","unstructured":"den Uyl, T. E., Gladwin, T. E. & Wiers, R. W. Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of combined transcranial direct current stimulation and alcohol approach bias retraining in hazardous drinkers. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 40, 2124\u20132133 (2016).","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"3940_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12463","volume":"22","author":"TE den Uyl","year":"2017","unstructured":"den Uyl, T. E. et al. A clinical trial with combined transcranial direct current stimulation and alcohol approach bias retraining. Addict. Biol. 22, 1632\u20131640 (2017).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"3940_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13841","volume":"42","author":"TE den Uyl","year":"2018","unstructured":"den Uyl, T. E. et al. A clinical trial with combined transcranial direct current stimulation and attentional bias modification in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 42, 1961\u20131969 (2018).","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"3940_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000984","volume":"17","author":"J Klauss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klauss, J. et al. A randomized controlled trial of targeted prefrontal cortex modulation with tDCS in patients with alcohol dependence. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 17, 1793\u20131803 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001040","volume":"15","author":"EM Nakamura-Palacios","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nakamura-Palacios, E. M. et al. Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive changes induced by frontal direct current stimulation in alcoholics according to Lesch alcoholism typology. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 15, 601\u2013616 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1559-9","volume":"123","author":"EM Nakamura-Palacios","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nakamura-Palacios, E. M. et al. Ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) as a target of the dorsolateral prefrontal modulation by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in drug addiction. J. Neural Trans. (Vienna) 123, 1179\u20131194 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neural Trans. (Vienna)"},{"key":"3940_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2019.105512","volume":"138","author":"MA Vanderhasselt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vanderhasselt, M. A. et al. Bifrontal tDCS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in heavy drinkers: influence on reward-triggered approach bias and alcohol consumption. Brain Cogn. 138, 105512 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"3940_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1541-6","volume":"123","author":"K Wietschorke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wietschorke, K. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex reduces cue-reactivity in alcohol-dependent patients. J. Neural Trans. (Vienna) 123, 1173\u20131178 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neural Trans. (Vienna)"},{"key":"3940_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.298","volume":"39","author":"S Pedron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pedron, S. et al. Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation prevents abnormal behaviors associated with abstinence from chronic nicotine consumption. Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 39, 981\u2013988 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12415","volume":"22","author":"S Pedron","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedron, S. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation produces long-lasting attenuation of cocaine-induced behavioral responses and gene regulation in corticostriatal circuits. Addict. Biol. 22, 1267\u20131278 (2017).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"3940_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236061","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236061","volume":"15","author":"S Pedron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pedron, S. et al. Open-tES: an open-source stimulator for transcranial electrical stimulation designed for rodent research. PLOS ONE 15, e0236061 (2020).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"3940_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.03.012","volume":"10","author":"T Peanlikhit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peanlikhit, T. et al. The antidepressant-like effect of tDCS in mice: a behavioral and neurobiological characterization. Brain Stimul. 10, 748\u2013756 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.005","volume":"14","author":"A Van Schuerbeek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Schuerbeek, A. et al. Effects of repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on auditory fear extinction in C57BL\/6J mice. Brain Stimul. 14, 250\u2013260 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1748-9_12","volume-title":"Methods for Preclinical Research in Addiction","author":"S Dumontoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dumontoy, S. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation to reduce addiction-related behaviors in mice. In Methods for Preclinical Research in Addiction (ed. Aguilar, M. A.) 301\u2013314 (Springer, 2022)."},{"key":"3940_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12833","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12833","volume":"25","author":"MDC Gonz\u00e1lez-Mar\u00edn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mar\u00edn, M. D. C., Coune, F. & Naassila, M. Vulnerability to ethanol sensitization predicts higher intake and motivation to self-administer ethanol: Proof of the incentive salience sensitization theory?. Addict. Biol. 25, e12833 (2020).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"3940_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047527","volume":"7","author":"B Botia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Botia, B. et al. Expression of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization is associated with alteration of chromatin remodeling in mice. PloS One 7, e47527 (2012).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"3940_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12088","volume":"37","author":"R Legastelois","year":"2013","unstructured":"Legastelois, R., Botia, B. & Naassila, M. Blockade of ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization by sodium butyrate: descriptive analysis of gene regulations in the striatum. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 37, 1143\u20131153 (2013).","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"3940_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12104","volume":"19","author":"R Legastelois","year":"2014","unstructured":"Legastelois, R. et al. Deciphering the relationship between vulnerability to ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and ethanol consumption in outbred mice. Addict. Biol. 19, 210\u2013224 (2014).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"3940_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.37","volume":"36","author":"E Simon O\u2019Brien","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simon O\u2019Brien, E. et al. Fluoxetine, desipramine, and the dual antidepressant milnacipran reduce alcohol self-administration and\/or relapse in dependent rats. Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol. 36, 1518\u20131530 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3940_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.111909","volume":"368","author":"T Matonda-ma-Nzuzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matonda-ma-Nzuzi, T. et al. Investigating the reciprocal relationships between locomotor sensitization to ethanol and PTSD-like clusters in DBA\/2J mice. Behav. Brain Res. 368, 111909 (2019).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"3940_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.006","volume":"9","author":"J Dedoncker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dedoncker, J. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in healthy and neuropsychiatric samples: influence of stimulation parameters. Brain Stimul. 9, 501\u2013517 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.112485","volume":"382","author":"JJ Le\u00f3n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, J. J. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves risky decision making in women but not in men: a sham-controlled study. Behav. Brain Res. 382, 112485 (2020).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"3940_CR57","first-page":"5196","volume":"2019","author":"C Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas, C. et al. Influence of gender-related differences in transcranial direct current stimulation: a computational study. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Ann. Int. Conf. 2019, 5196\u20135199 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. Ann. Int. Conf."},{"key":"3940_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01321","volume":"9","author":"M Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao, M. et al. Does gender make a difference in deception? The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Front. Psychol. 9, 1321 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"3940_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.10.005","volume":"366","author":"AK Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin, A. K. et al. Sex mediates the effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on \u201cMind-Reading\u201d. Neuroscience 366, 84\u201394 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3940_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00104","volume":"5","author":"M Russell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russell, M. et al. Gender differences in current received during transcranial electrical stimulation. Front. Psychiatry 5, 104 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3940_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523808080097","volume":"25","author":"L Chaieb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chaieb, L., Antal, A. & Paulus, W. Gender-specific modulation of short-term neuroplasticity in the visual cortex induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. Vis. Neurosci. 25, 77\u201381 (2008).","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"3940_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000239955.68319.c2","volume":"17","author":"M-F Kuo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuo, M.-F., Paulus, W. & Nitsche, M. A. Sex differences in cortical neuroplasticity in humans. NeuroReport 17, 1703\u20131707 (2006).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"3940_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.01.022","volume":"120","author":"D Liebetanz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liebetanz, D. et al. Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol. 120, 1161\u20131167 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"3940_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.04.008","volume":"64","author":"MP Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson, M. P. et al. Safety parameter considerations of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats. Brain Behav. Immun. 64, 152\u2013161 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"3940_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02447-7","volume":"48","author":"DW Shin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shin, D. W. et al. In vivo modulation of the blood-brain barrier permeability by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Ann. Biomed. Eng. 48, 1256\u20131270 (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3940_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2009.00192.x","volume":"15","author":"RF Leeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Leeman, R. F. et al. Ethanol consumption: how should we measure it? Achieving consilience between human and animal phenotypes. Addict. Biol. 15, 109\u2013124 (2010).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"3940_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01502.x","volume":"19","author":"TJ Phillips","year":"1995","unstructured":"Phillips, T. J. et al. Effects of acute and repeated ethanol exposures on the locomotor activity of BXD recombinant inbred mice. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 19, 269\u2013278 (1995).","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"3940_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8114","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711755105","volume":"105","author":"S Carnicella","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carnicella, S. et al. GDNF is a fast-acting potent inhibitor of alcohol consumption and relapse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 105, 8114\u20138119 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"3940_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.12.022","volume":"66","author":"S Carnicella","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carnicella, S. et al. Cabergoline decreases alcohol drinking and seeking behaviors via glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 146\u2013153 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3940_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.10.005","volume":"94","author":"AT Peana","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peana, A. T. et al. l-Cysteine reduces oral ethanol self-administration and reinstatement of ethanol-drinking behavior in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 94, 431\u2013437 (2010).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"3940_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245166","volume":"107","author":"CL Cunningham","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cunningham, C. L. et al. Genetic differences in the rewarding and activating effects of morphine and ethanol. Psychopharmacology 107, 385\u2013393 (1992).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3940_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05658-x","volume":"238","author":"CL Cunningham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cunningham, C. L. et al. Morphine and ethanol pretreatment effects on expression and extinction of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and aversion in mice. Psychopharmacology 238, 55\u201366 (2021).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3940_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03332.2002","volume":"22","author":"F Weiss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weiss, F. & Porrino, L. J. Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: recent advances and challenges. J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci. 22, 3332\u20133337 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Off. J. Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"3940_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.10.032","volume":"96","author":"KP Abrahao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abrahao, K. P., Salinas, A. G. & Lovinger, D. M. Alcohol and the brain: neuronal molecular targets, synapses, and circuits. Neuron 96, 1223\u20131238 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3940_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00402","volume":"9","author":"MA O\u2019Brien","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M. A. et al. Ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization alters the synaptic transcriptome and exon utilization in DBA\/2J mice. Front. Genet. 9, 129 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"3940_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1038-y","volume":"197","author":"RA Stevenson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stevenson, R. A., Besheer, J. & Hodge, C. W. Comparison of ethanol locomotor sensitization in adolescent and adult DBA\/2J mice. Psychopharmacology 197, 361\u2013370 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3940_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.975","volume":"12","author":"S Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song, S. et al. Effects of single-session versus multi-session non-invasive brain stimulation on craving and consumption in individuals with drug addiction, eating disorders or obesity: a meta-analysis. Brain Stimul. 12, 606\u2013618 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"3940_CR78","first-page":"1098","volume":"11","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. A meta-analysis of transcranial direct current stimulation on substance and food craving: What effect do modulators have?. Front. Psychiatry 11, 1098 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"3940_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","volume":"128","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lefaucheur, J.-P. et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 56\u201392 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"3940_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000059","volume":"71","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berridge, K. C. & Robinson, T. E. Liking, wanting and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Am. Psychol. 71, 670\u2013679 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"3940_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.02.013","volume":"39","author":"D Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, D., Naffziger, E. E. & Berridge, K. C. Positive affect: nature and brain bases of liking and wanting. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 39, 72\u201378 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"3940_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.10.001","volume":"100","author":"H Steiner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steiner, H. & Van Waes, V. Addiction-related gene regulation: Risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants. Prog. Neurobiol. 100, 60\u201380 (2013).","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"3940_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy093","volume":"28","author":"C Fonteneau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fonteneau, C. et al. Frontal transcranial direct current stimulation induces dopamine release in the ventral striatum in human. Cereb Cortex NY 28, 2636\u20132646 (2018).","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex NY"},{"key":"3940_CR84","volume-title":"The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"G Paxinos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paxinos, G. & Franklin, K. B. J. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Elsevier Academic Press, 2007)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03940-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03940-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03940-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T20:06:31Z","timestamp":1669320391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03940-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-03940-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"198"}}