{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:50:57Z","timestamp":1792000257513,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgian Research Foundation - Flanders","award":["FWO 121.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FWO 121.00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes for pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at risk of co-colonization with resistant non-pathogenic and pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>. We assessed if the antimicrobial susceptibility of non-pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> among MSM differs from a general population and if antimicrobial exposure impacts susceptibility. We recruited 96 participants at our center in Belgium: 32 employees, 32 MSM who did not use antibiotics in the previous 6\u00a0months, and 32 MSM who did. Oropharyngeal <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> were cultured and identified with MALDI-TOF\u2013MS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for azithromycin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were determined using E-tests<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> and compared between groups with non-parametric tests. Non-pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> from employees as well as MSM were remarkably resistant. Those from MSM were significantly less susceptible than employees to azithromycin and ciprofloxacin (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not ceftriaxone (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.3). Susceptibility did not differ significantly according to recent antimicrobial exposure in MSM. Surveilling antimicrobial susceptibility of non-pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> may be a sensitive way to assess impact of antimicrobial exposure in a population. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in this survey indicate that novel resistance determinants may be readily available for future transfer from non-pathogenic to pathogenic <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03995-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T11:03:34Z","timestamp":1641553414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibility of commensal Neisseria in a general population and men who have sex with men in Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jolein Gyonne Elise","family":"Laumen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Van Dijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheeba Santhini","family":"Manoharan-Basil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Bottieau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Martiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-8998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"3995_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14","volume":"27","author":"M Unemo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unemo, M. & Shafer, W. M. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st Century: Past, evolution, and future. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 27, 587\u2013613 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"3995_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203612","volume":"27","author":"M Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, M. et al. Evolution of sequence type 4821 clonal complex hyperinvasive and quinolone-resistant meningococci. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 27, 1110\u20131122 (2021).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics5040035","volume":"5","author":"A Zapun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zapun, A., Morlot, C. & Taha, M. K. Resistance to \u03b2-lactams in Neisseria ssp due to chromosomally encoded penicillin-binding proteins. Antibiotics 5, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"3995_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab091","author":"S Banhart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Banhart, S. et al. The mosaic mtr locus as major genetic determinant of azithromycin resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Germany, 2018. J. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiab091 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01419-18","volume":"9","author":"CB Wadsworth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wadsworth, C. B., Arnold, B. J., Sater, M. R. A. A. & Grad, Y. H. Azithromycin resistance through interspecific acquisition of an epistasis-dependent efflux pump component and transcriptional regulator in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. MBio 9, 1\u201317 (2018).","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"3995_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab104","volume":"76","author":"M Hanao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hanao, M. et al. Molecular characterization of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates collected through a national surveillance programme in Japan, 2013: Evidence of the emergence of a ceftriaxone-resistant strain from a ceftriaxone-susceptible lineage. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 76, 1769\u20131775 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"3995_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, X. & Chen, M. Meningococcal quinolone resistance originated from several commensal neisseria species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64, e01494\u201319  (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01494-19"},{"key":"3995_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz365","volume":"70","author":"HV Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, H. V. et al. Decreased cephalosporin susceptibility of oropharyngeal neisseria species in antibiotic-using men who have sex with men in Hanoi, Vietnam. Clin. Infect. Dis. 70, 1169\u20131175 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9100656","volume":"9","author":"MA Fiore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fiore, M. A., Raisman, J. C., Wong, N. H., Hudson, A. O. & Wadsworth, C. B. Exploration of the neisseria resistome reveals resistance mechanisms in commensals that may be acquired by N. Gonorrhoeae through horizontal gene transfer. Antibiotics 9, 1\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"3995_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.683901","volume":"12","author":"SS Manoharan-Basil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manoharan-Basil, S. S. et al. Evidence of horizontal gene transfer of 50S ribosomal genes rplB, rplD, and rplY in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Front. Microbiol. 12, 1\u201317 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"3995_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30059-8","volume":"1","author":"KM Gernert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gernert, K. M. et al. Azithromycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the USA in 2017: A genomic analysis of surveillance data. Lancet Microbe 1, e154\u2013e164 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"3995_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050515","volume":"10","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kenyon, C., Laumen, J. & Manoharan-Basil, S. Choosing new therapies for gonorrhoea: We need to consider the impact on the Pan-Neisseria Genome. A viewpoint. Antibiotics 10, 515 (2021).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"3995_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goytia, M., Thompson, S. T., Jordan, S. V. L. & King, K. A. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of human commensal neisseria species. Antibiotics 10, 538 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050538"},{"key":"3995_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.08.020","volume":"80","author":"Y Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen, Y. & Chen, M. Prevalence, sequence type, and quinolone resistance of Neisseria lactamica carried in children younger than 15 years in Shanghai, China. J. Infect. 80, 61\u201368 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"3995_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2020.08.011","volume":"27","author":"H Takei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takei, H. et al. Bacteriological analysis of Neisseria lactamica isolated from the respiratory tract in Japanese children. J. Infect. Chemother. 27, 65\u201369 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"3995_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa565","volume":"72","author":"JGE Laumen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laumen, J. G. E. et al. Markedly reduced azithromycin and ceftriaxone susceptibility in commensal neisseria species in clinical samples from belgian men who have sex with men. Clin. Infect. Dis. 72, 363\u2013364 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa568","author":"HV Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, H. V. et al. Reply to Laumen et al.. Clin. Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa568 (2020).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-5-201303050-00004","volume":"158","author":"RD Kirkcaldy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kirkcaldy, R. D. et al. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: The gonococcal isolate surveillance project, 2005\u20132010. Ann. Intern. Med. 158, 321\u2013328 (2013).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"3995_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, D. A. The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Sex. Transm. Infect. 89, iv47\u2013iv51 (2013).","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051020"},{"key":"3995_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.172104","volume":"24","author":"CR Kenyon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kenyon, C. R. & Schwartz, I. S. Effects of sexual network connectivity and antimicrobial drug use on antimicrobial resistance in neisseria gonorrhoeae. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 24, 1195\u20131203 (2018).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001205","volume":"47","author":"S Ngai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ngai, S. et al. Carriage of neisseria meningitidis in men who have sex with men presenting to public sexual health clinics, New York City. Sex. Transm. Dis. 47, 541\u2013548 (2020).","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.062","volume":"105","author":"M Tinggaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tinggaard, M. et al. Oral and anal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis among sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Denmark 2014\u20132015. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 105, 337\u2013344 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2019.03.009","author":"SD Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, S. D. et al. Neisseria meningitidis aislada de muestras de hombres que tienen sexo con hombres. Rev. Argent. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ram.2019.03.009 (2019).","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"3995_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310180026026","volume":"244","author":"WM Janda","year":"1980","unstructured":"Janda, W. M., Bohnhoff, M., Morello, J. A. & Lerner, S. A. Prevalence and site-pathogen studies of Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae in Homosexual Men. JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 244, 2060\u20132064 (1980).","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"3995_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25407","volume":"22","author":"B Vuylsteke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vuylsteke, B. et al. Daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis for men who have sex with men in Belgium\u202f: Results of a prospective cohort measuring adherence, sexual behaviour and STI incidence. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 22, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"3995_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30136-5","volume":"6","author":"E Hoornenborg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoornenborg, E. et al. Sexual behaviour and incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men using daily and event-driven pre-exposure prophylaxis in AMPrEP: 2 year results from a demonstration study. Lancet HIV 6, e447\u2013e455 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"3995_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Dijck, C. et al. Antibacterial mouthwash to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PReGo): A randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3099, 657\u2013667  (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30778-7"},{"key":"3995_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.056077-0","volume":"158","author":"JS Bennett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bennett, J. S. et al. A genomic approach to bacterial taxonomy: An examination and proposed reclassification of species within the genus Neisseria. Microbiology 158, 1570\u20131580 (2012).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"3995_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy551","volume":"219","author":"SW Olesen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olesen, S. W. et al. Azithromycin susceptibility among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and seasonal macrolide use. J. Infect. Dis. 219, 619\u2013623 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420957519","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kenyon, C., Baetselier, I. D. & Wouters, K. Screening for STIs in PrEP cohorts results in high levels of antimicrobial consumption. Int. J. STD AIDS https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462420957519 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"3995_CR31","first-page":"10","volume":"00","author":"C Kenyon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kenyon, C., Manoharan-Basil, S. S. & van Dijck, C. Is there a resistance-threshold for macrolide consumption? Positive evidence from an ecological analysis of resistance data from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Treponema pallidum and Mycoplasma genitalium. medRxiv 00, 10\u201312 (2020).","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"3995_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanbaelen, T. et al. Screening for STIs is one of the main drivers of macrolide consumption in PrEP users. Int. J. STD AIDS. 095646242110259 32(12), 1183\u20131184 (2021).","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211025940"},{"key":"3995_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02161323","volume":"148","author":"U Berger","year":"1962","unstructured":"Berger, U. & Paepcke, E. Untersuchungen \u00fcber die asaccharolytischen Neisserien des menschlichen Nasopharynx. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Hyg. und Infekt. 148, 269\u2013281 (1962).","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Hyg. und Infekt."},{"key":"3995_CR34","first-page":"59","volume":"1","author":"JA S\u00e2ez","year":"1998","unstructured":"S\u00e2ez, J. A., Carmen, N. & Vinde, M. A. Multicolonization of human nasopharynx due to Neisseria spp. Int. Microbiol. 1, 59\u201363 (1998).","journal-title":"Int. Microbiol."},{"key":"3995_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.3.545","volume":"49","author":"L Arreaza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arreaza, L. What about antibiotic resistance in Neisseria lactamica?. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49, 545\u2013547 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"3995_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2015.08.025","volume":"305","author":"A Karch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karch, A., Vogel, U. & Claus, H. Role of penA polymorphisms for penicillin susceptibility in Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria meningitidis. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 305, 729\u2013735 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"3995_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.81.669","volume":"81","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Watanabe, Y., Takahashi, C., Ohya, H., Okazaki, N. & Onoue, Y. Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis from healthy and diseased persons in Japan. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 81, 669\u2013674 (2007).","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"3995_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","volume":"115","author":"EY Klein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klein, E. Y. et al. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, E3463\u2013E3470 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"3995_CR39","unstructured":"ESAC. European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Program, Antimicrobial consumption database (ESAC-Net)."},{"key":"3995_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.5.896-900.1988","volume":"26","author":"JS Knapp","year":"1988","unstructured":"Knapp, J. S. & Hook, E. W. Prevalence and persistence of Neisseria cinerea and other Neisseria spp. in adults. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26, 896\u2013900 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"3995_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Block, T. et al. Wgs of commensal neisseria reveals acquisition of a new ribosomal protection protein (Msrd) as a possible explanation for high level azithromycin resistance in Belgium. Pathogens. 10, 384 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10030384"},{"key":"3995_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024343","volume":"9","author":"ME Peterson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peterson, M. E. et al. Serogroup-specific meningococcal carriage by age group: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 9, 1\u20139 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3995_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.03.010","volume":"72","author":"K Diallo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diallo, K. et al. Pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria species in the African meningitis belt. J. Infect. 72, 667\u2013677 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"3995_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31529","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304607200","volume":"278","author":"A Antignac","year":"2003","unstructured":"Antignac, A. et al. Correlation between alterations of the penicillin-binding protein 2 and modifications of the peptidoglycan structure in Neisseria meingitidis with reduced susceptibility to penicillin G. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 31529\u201331535 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"3995_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47266-9_6","volume":"2","author":"MC Bash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bash, M. C. & Matthias, K. Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria. Antimicrob. Drug Resistance Clin. Epidemiol. Aspects. 2, 843 (2017).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Drug Resistance Clin. Epidemiol. Aspects."},{"key":"3995_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aral, S. O. Determinants of STD epidemics: Implications for phase appropriate intervention strategies. Sex. Transm. Infect. 78, i3\u2013i13  (2002).","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.78.suppl_1.i3"},{"key":"3995_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2019.12.701","volume":"6","author":"M So","year":"2019","unstructured":"So, M. & Rend\u00f3n, M. A. Tribal warfare: Commensal Neisseria kill pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae using its DNA. Microb. Cell 6, 544\u2013546 (2019).","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"3995_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3621","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3621-3626.2002","volume":"70","author":"KJ Oliver","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oliver, K. J. et al. Neisseria lactamica protects against experimental meningococcal infection. Infect. Immun. 70, 3621\u20133626 (2002).","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"3995_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.2.112","volume":"137","author":"R Gold","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gold, R., Goldschneider, I., Lepow, M. L., Draper, T. F. & Randolph, M. Carriage of neisseria meningitidis and neisseria lactamica in infants and children. J. Infect. Dis. 137, 112\u2013121 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ098","volume":"60","author":"AM Deasy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deasy, A. M. et al. Nasal inoculation of the commensal Neisseria lactamica inhibits carriage of Neisseria meningitidis by young adults: A controlled human infection study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 60, 1512\u20131520 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"3995_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666","author":"N Ando","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ando, N. et al. Modified self-obtained pooled sampling to screen for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054666 (2020).","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03995-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03995-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03995-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T20:18:32Z","timestamp":1669321112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03995-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3995"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-03995-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 October 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}