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Still, such colonization among domesticated organically fed livestock has not been well studied. This study aimed to determine the gut colonization rate of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> and carbapenemase-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> (CPE) among rural subsistence farming communities of the Kaski district in Nepal. Rectal swabs collected by systematic random sampling from 128 households of subsistence farming communities were screened for ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> and CPE by phenotypic and molecular methods. A total of 357 (57%) ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> isolates were obtained from 626 specimens, which included 97 ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> (75.8%) from 128 adult humans, 101 (79.5%) from 127 of their children, 51 (47.7%) from 107 cattle, 26 (51%) from 51 goats, 30 (34.9%) from 86 poultry and 52 (42%) from 127 environmental samples. No CPE was isolated from any of the samples. <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> was the most predominant gene found in animal (86.8%) and human (80.5%) isolates. Out of 308 <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolates, 16 human and two poultry isolates were positive for ST131 and were\u00a0of clade C. Among non-cephalosporin antibiotics, the resistance rates were observed slightly higher in tetracycline and ciprofloxacin among all study subjects. This is the first one-health study in Nepal, demonstrating the high rate of CTX-M-15 type ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> among gut flora of subsistence-based farming communities. Gut colonization by <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> ST131 clade C among healthy farmers and poultry birds is a consequential public health concern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81315-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T11:40:00Z","timestamp":1611315600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Detection and characterization of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae from the gut of subsistence farmers, their livestock, and the\u00a0surrounding environment in rural Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Supram Hosuru","family":"Subramanya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indira","family":"Bairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Metok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat Prasad","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipendra","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"81315_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.02.007","volume":"6","author":"I Roca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roca, I. et al. 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