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However, whether LPS\/D-GalN are genotoxic has been left unknown. In this study, male mice were divided into eight groups with eight animals in each group. For acute challenge of LPS\/D-GalN, the mice in each group received a combination of LPS\/D-GalN via intraperitoneal injection at the dose of 25\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg\/250\u00a0mg\/kg, 25\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg\/500\u00a0mg\/kg, or 50\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg\/500\u00a0mg\/kg body weight. An additional group for chronic administration of test compounds was conducted by\n                    <jats:italic>i.p.<\/jats:italic>\n                    injection of LPS\/D-GalN (10\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg\/100\u00a0mg\/kg) every other day for 8\u00a0weeks. Saline solution (0.9%) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) (50\u00a0mg\/kg body weight) given by\n                    <jats:italic>i.p.<\/jats:italic>\n                    injection was used as the negative and positive control, respectively. The results of single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay indicated that acute exposure of the mice to LPS\/D-GalN caused severe DNA damage in hepatic cells, but not in the brain, sperm or bone marrow cells, which evidenced the genotoxicity of LPS\/D-GalN administrated in combination. Interestingly, the chronic administration of LPS\/D-GalN triggered significant genotoxic effects not only in hepatic but also in brain cells, with negative results in sperm and bone marrow cells. Histopathological examination in the liver and brain tissues revealed changes consistent with the SCGE results. The present study indicates genotoxic potential of LPS\/D-GalN co-administered in mice, which may serve as an in vivo experimental model for relevant genotoxic study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81383-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T06:03:30Z","timestamp":1610949810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Co-administration of lipopolysaccharide and d-galactosamine\u00a0induces genotoxicity in mouse liver"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erqun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"81383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901213400307","volume":"340","author":"AP Wheeler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wheeler, A. 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