{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T21:50:35Z","timestamp":1787003435298,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010100","name":"Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 Univerzita v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GAJU n. 048\/2019\/P to F.V."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAJU n. 048\/2019\/P to F.V."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African Research Chair","award":["GUN number 64756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUN number 64756"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GACR 17-19896S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GACR 17-19896S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The relatively warm and very humid environment of burrows presents a challenge for thermoregulation of its mammalian inhabitants. It was found that African mole-rats dissipate body heat mainly through their venter, and social mole-rats dissipate more body heat compared to solitary species at lower temperatures. In addition, the pattern of the ventral surface temperature was suggested to be homogeneous in social mole-rats compared to a heterogeneous pattern in solitary mole-rats. To investigate this for subterranean rodents generally, we measured the surface temperatures of seven species with different degrees of sociality, phylogeny, and climate using infrared thermography. In all species, heat dissipation occurred mainly through the venter and the feet. Whereas the feet dissipated body heat at higher ambient\u00a0temperatures and conserved it at lower ambient\u00a0temperatures, the ventral surface temperature was relatively high in all temperatures indicating that heat dissipation to the environment through this body region\u00a0is regulated mainly by behavioural means. Solitary species dissipated less heat through their dorsum than social species, and a tendency for this pattern was observed for the venter. The pattern of heterogeneity of surface temperature through the venter was not related to sociality of the various species. Our results demonstrate a general pattern of body heat exchange through the three studied body regions in subterranean rodents. Besides, isolated individuals of social species are less able to defend themselves against low ambient temperatures, which may handicap them if staying alone for a longer period, such as during and after\u00a0dispersal events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81404-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T06:03:39Z","timestamp":1611209019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Heat dissipation in subterranean rodents: the role of body region and social organisation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Vejm\u011blka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Okrouhl\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u011bj","family":"L\u00f6vy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"\u0160affa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eviatar","family":"Nevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel Charles","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radim","family":"\u0160umbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"81404_CR1","volume-title":"Principles of Animal Biometeorology","author":"RG da Silva","year":"2012","unstructured":"da Silva, R. G. & Maia, A. S. C. Principles of Animal Biometeorology Vol. 2 (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012)."},{"key":"81404_CR2","first-page":"389","volume":"254","author":"FS Mohler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mohler, F. S. & Heath, J. E. Comparison of IR thermography and thermocouple measurement of heat-loss from rabbit pinna. Am. J. Physiol. 254, 389\u2013395 (1988).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"81404_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00294-X","volume":"129","author":"PK Phillips","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phillips, P. K. & Heath, J. E. An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in the euthermic woodchuck (Marmota monax). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 129, 557\u2013562 (2001).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"81404_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.65.5.30158555","volume":"65","author":"JJ Klir","year":"1992","unstructured":"Klir, J. J. & Heath, J. E. An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in relation to external thermal stress in three species of foxes: the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), arctic fox (Alopex lagopus), and kit fox (Vulpes macrotis). Physiol. Zool. 65, 1011\u20131021 (1992).","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00176","volume":"6","author":"R Kuhn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuhn, R. & Meyer, W. Infrared thermography of the body surface in the Eurasian otter Lutra lutra and the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis. Aquat. Biol. 6, 143\u2013152 (2009).","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-54-46","volume":"54","author":"WA Khamas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khamas, W. A., Smodlaka, H., Leach-Robinson, J. & Palmer, L. Skin histology and its role in heat dissipation in three pinniped species. Acta Vet. Scand. 54, 46 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"81404_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1962.tb02428.x","volume":"55","author":"K Johansen","year":"1962","unstructured":"Johansen, K. Heat exchange through the muskrat tail. Evidence for vasodilator nerves to the skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 55, 160\u2013169 (1962).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"81404_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00348","volume":"206","author":"B Mauck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mauck, B., Bilgmann, K., Jones, D. D., Eysel, U. & Dehnhardt, G. Thermal windows on the trunk of hauled-out seals: hot spots for thermoregulatory evaporation?. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1727\u20131738 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245540","volume":"24","author":"LS Underwood","year":"1980","unstructured":"Underwood, L. S. & Reynolds, P. Photoperiod and fur lengths in the Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus L.). Int. J. Biometeorol. 24, 39\u201348 (1980).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"81404_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(86)90630-4","volume":"84","author":"H Korhonen","year":"1986","unstructured":"Korhonen, H. & Harri, M. Heat loss of farmed raccoon dogs and blue foxes as evaluated by infrared thermography and body cooling. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 84, 361\u2013364 (1986).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"81404_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icq033","volume":"50","author":"JD Reichard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reichard, J. D., Prajapati, S. I., Austad, S. N., Keller, C. & Kunz, T. H. Thermal windows on Brazilian free-tailed bats facilitate thermoregulation during prolonged flight. Integr. Comp. Biol. 50, 358\u2013370 (2010).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731109991443","volume":"4","author":"M Gerken","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerken, M. Relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in South American camelids. Animal 4, 1451\u20131459 (2010).","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"81404_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-0929.2011.00993.x","volume":"83","author":"KA Abdoun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abdoun, K. A., Samara, E. M., Okab, A. B. & Al-Haidary, A. A. Regional and circadian variations of sweating rate and body surface temperature in camels (Camelus dromedarius). Anim. Sci. J. 83, 556\u2013561 (2012).","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"81404_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4565(94)00061-M","volume":"20","author":"PK Phillips","year":"1995","unstructured":"Phillips, P. K. & Heath, J. E. Dependency of surface temperature regulation on body size in terrestrial mammals. J. Therm. Biol. 20, 281\u2013289 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.59.1.30156085","volume":"59","author":"LC Contreras","year":"1986","unstructured":"Contreras, L. C. Bioenergetics and distribution of fossorial Spalacopus cyanus (Rodentia): thermal stress, or cost of burrowing. Physiol. Zool. 59, 20\u201328 (1986).","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR16","first-page":"R39","volume":"253","author":"S Oufara","year":"1987","unstructured":"Oufara, S., Barre, H., Rouanet, J. L. & Chatonnet, J. Adaptation to extreme ambient temperatures in cold-acclimated gerbils and mice. Am. J. Physiol. 253, R39\u2013R45 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"81404_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-18-000049","volume":"68","author":"FC Hankenson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hankenson, F. C., Marx, J. O., Gordon, C. J. & David, J. M. Effects of rodent thermoregulation on animal models in the research environment. Comp. Med. 68, 425\u2013438 (2018).","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"81404_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.65.4.30158537","volume":"65","author":"JP Hayes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hayes, J. P., Speakman, J. R. & Racey, P. A. The contributions of local heating and reducing exposed surface area to the energetic benefits of huddling by short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis). Physiol. Zool. 65, 742\u2013762 (1992).","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1086\/342253","volume":"75","author":"DM Bustamante","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bustamante, D. M., Nespolo, R. F., Rezende, E. L. & Bozinovic, F. Dynamic thermal balance in the leaf-eared mouse: the interplay among ambient temperature, body size, and behavior. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 75, 396\u2013404 (2002).","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00115.x","volume":"85","author":"C Gilbert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gilbert, C. et al. One for all and all for one: the energetic benefits of huddling in endotherms. Biol. Rev. 85, 545\u2013569 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"81404_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3164.1997.d01-13.x","volume":"8","author":"BA Atlee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Atlee, B. A. et al. The histology of normal llama skin. Vet. Dermatol. 8, 165\u2013176 (1997).","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"81404_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2307\/1934259","volume":"47","author":"BK McNab","year":"1966","unstructured":"McNab, B. K. The metabolism of fossorial rodents: a study of convergence. Ecology 47, 712\u2013733 (1966).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"81404_CR23","first-page":"231","volume":"335","author":"LC Contreras","year":"1990","unstructured":"Contreras, L. C. & McNab, B. K. Thermoregulation and energetics in subterranean mammals. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 335, 231\u2013250 (1990).","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"81404_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69276-8_3","volume-title":"Subterranean Rodents","author":"H Burda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burda, H., \u0160umbera, R. & Begall, S. Microclimate in burrows of subterranean rodents: revisited. In Subterranean Rodents (eds Begall, S. et al.) 21\u201333 (Springer, Berlin, 2007)."},{"key":"81404_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.11.003","volume":"79","author":"R \u0160umbera","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u0160umbera, R. Thermal biology of a strictly subterranean mammalian family, the African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia). J. Therm. Biol. 79, 166\u2013189 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.52.2.30152558","volume":"52","author":"D Vleck","year":"1979","unstructured":"Vleck, D. The energy cost of burrowing by the pocket gopher Thomomys bottae. Physiol. Zool. 52, 122\u2013136 (1979).","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.62.2.30156179","volume":"62","author":"BG Lovegrove","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lovegrove, B. G. The cost of burrowing by the social mole rats (Bathyergidae) Cryptomys damarensis and Heterocephalus glaber: the role of soil moisture. Physiol. Zool. 62, 449\u2013469 (1989).","journal-title":"Physiol. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.10.007","volume":"99","author":"J Zelov\u00e1","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zelov\u00e1, J., \u0160umbera, R., Okrouhl\u00edk, J. & Burda, H. Cost of digging is determined by intrinsic factors rather than by substrate quality in two subterranean rodent species. Physiol. Behav. 99, 54\u201358 (2010).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"81404_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2005.12.025","volume":"146","author":"F Luna","year":"2007","unstructured":"Luna, F. & Antinuchi, C. D. Energetics and thermoregulation during digging in the rodent tuco-tuco (Ctenomys talarum). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 146, 559\u2013564 (2007).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A."},{"key":"81404_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520315921","volume-title":"Mammal Skin","author":"VE Sokolov","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sokolov, V. E. Mammal Skin (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1982)."},{"key":"81404_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.029","volume":"92","author":"R \u0160umbera","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u0160umbera, R., Zelov\u00e1, J., Kunc, P., Kn\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e1, I. & Burda, H. Patterns of surface temperatures in two mole-rats (Bathyergidae) with different social systems as revealed by IR-thermography. Physiol. Behav. 92, 526\u2013532 (2007).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"81404_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.723","volume":"317","author":"JG Boyles","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boyles, J. G., Verburgt, L., McKechnie, A. E. & Bennett, N. C. Heterothermy in two mole-rat species subjected to interacting thermoregulatory challenges. J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol. 317, 73\u201382 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool. A Ecol. Genet. Physiol."},{"key":"81404_CR33","unstructured":"Vejm\u011blka, F. Charakteristiky srsti podzemn\u00edch hlodavc\u016f ve vztahu k jejich term\u00e1ln\u00ed biologii. [Fur characteristics of burrowing rodents in relation to their thermal biology. Bc. Thesis, in Czech]. Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic (2016)."},{"key":"81404_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-078X2004000200003","volume":"77","author":"AP Cutrera","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cutrera, A. P. & Antinuchi, C. D. Fur changes in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum: possible thermal compensatory mechanism. Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 77, 235\u2013242 (2004).","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat."},{"key":"81404_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102495","volume":"88","author":"NE McGowan","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGowan, N. E., Scantlebury, D. M., Bennett, N. C., Maule, A. G. & Marks, N. J. Thermoregulatory differences in African mole-rat species from disparate habitats: responses and limitations. J. Therm. Biol. 88, 102495 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.10.029","volume":"138","author":"J Okrouhl\u00edk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okrouhl\u00edk, J., Burda, H., Kunc, P., Kn\u00ed\u017ekov\u00e1, I. & \u0160umbera, R. Surprisingly low risk of overheating during digging in two subterranean rodents. Physiol. Behav. 138, 236\u2013241 (2015).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"81404_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.08.016","volume":"93","author":"J Kotze","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kotze, J., Bennett, N. C. & Scantlebury, M. The energetics of huddling in two species of mole-rat (Rodentia: Bathyergidae). Physiol. Behav. 93, 215\u2013221 (2008).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"81404_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.10.020","volume":"78","author":"P Wiedenov\u00e1","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wiedenov\u00e1, P., \u0160umbera, R. & Okrouhl\u00edk, J. Social thermoregulation and socio-physiological effect in the subterranean Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi). J. Therm. Biol. 78, 367\u2013373 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2012.01900.x","volume":"106","author":"HE Liwanag","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liwanag, H. E., Berta, A., Costa, D. P., Abney, M. & Williams, T. M. Morphological and thermal properties of mammalian insulation: the evolution of fur for aquatic living. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 106, 926\u2013939 (2012).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"81404_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87146","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.87146","volume":"1","author":"I Kasza","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasza, I., Hernando, D., Rold\u00e1n-Alzate, A., Alexander, C. M. & Reeder, S. B. Thermogenic profiling using magnetic resonance imaging of dermal and other adipose tissues. JCI Insight 1, e87146 (2016).","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"81404_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2307\/1374885","volume":"21","author":"LW Thigpen","year":"1940","unstructured":"Thigpen, L. W. Histology of the skin of a normally hairless rodent. J. Mammal. 21, 449\u2013456 (1940).","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"81404_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0469.1990.tb00362.x","volume":"28","author":"H Burda","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burda, H. Constraints of pregnancy and evolution of sociality in mole-rats with special reference to reproductive and social patterns in Cryptomys hottentotus (Bathyergidae, Rodentia). J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 28, 26\u201339 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res."},{"key":"81404_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8883","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8883","volume":"8","author":"L Ple\u0161tilov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ple\u0161tilov\u00e1, L. et al. Functional histology of the skin in the subterranean African giant mole-rat: thermal windows are determined solely by pelage characteristics. PeerJ 8, e8883 (2020).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"81404_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2011.00860.x","volume":"286","author":"M L\u00f6vy","year":"2012","unstructured":"L\u00f6vy, M., \u0160kl\u00edba, J., Burda, H., Chitaukali, W. N. & \u0160umbera, R. Ecological characteristics in habitats of two African mole-rat species with different social systems in an area of sympatry: implications for the mole-rat social evolution. J. Zool. 286, 145\u2013153 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/11.1.7","volume":"11","author":"S Braude","year":"2000","unstructured":"Braude, S. Dispersal and new colony formation in wild naked mole-rats: evidence against inbreeding as the system of mating. Behav. Ecol. 11, 7\u201312 (2000).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"81404_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arh104","volume":"15","author":"EA Lacey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lacey, E. A. & Wieczorek, J. R. Kinship in colonial tuco-tucos: evidence from group composition and population structure. Behav. Ecol. 15, 988\u2013996 (2004).","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"81404_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055357","volume":"8","author":"M L\u00f6vy","year":"2013","unstructured":"L\u00f6vy, M., \u0160kl\u00edba, J. & \u0160umbera, R. Spatial and temporal activity patterns of the free-living giant mole-rat (Fukomys mechowii), the largest social bathyergid. PLoS ONE 8, e55357 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"81404_CR48","unstructured":"Finn, K. T. Density-dependent effects on body size, philopatry, and dispersal in the damaraland mole-rat (Fukomys damarensis) Master thesis. (Rhodes University, Faculty of Science, Grahamstown, Republic of South Africa. 2017)."},{"key":"81404_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2012.04.001","volume":"37","author":"M Zemanov\u00e1","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zemanov\u00e1, M., \u0160umbera, R. & Okrouhl\u00edk, J. Poikilothermic traits in Mashona mole-rat (Fukomys darlingi). Reality or myth?. J. Therm. Biol. 37, 485\u2013489 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR50","first-page":"352","volume-title":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Lagomorphs and Rodents I","author":"R Honeycutt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Honeycutt, R. Family Bathyergidae (African mole-rats). In Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Lagomorphs and Rodents I Vol. 6 (eds Wilson, D. E. et al.) 352\u2013370 (Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 2016)."},{"key":"81404_CR51","first-page":"536","volume-title":"Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Lagomorphs and Rodents I","author":"A Ojeda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ojeda, A. Family Octodontidae. In Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Lagomorphs and Rodents I Vol. 6 (eds Wilson, D. E. et al.) 536\u2013551 (Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 2016)."},{"key":"81404_CR52","volume-title":"Adaptive Radiation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats","author":"E Nevo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nevo, E., Ivanitskaya, E. & Beiles, A. Adaptive Radiation of Blind Subterranean Mole Rats (Backhuys Publishers, Kerkwerve, 2001)."},{"key":"81404_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1139\/y55-056","volume":"33","author":"JS Hart","year":"1955","unstructured":"Hart, J. S. & Heroux, O. Exercise and temperature regulation in lemmings and rabbits. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 33, 428\u2013435 (1955).","journal-title":"Can. J. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"81404_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(00)00005-X","volume":"25","author":"A Cortes","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cortes, A., Miranda, E., Rosenmann, M. & Rau, J. R. Thermal biology of the fossorial rodent Ctenomys fulvus from the Atacama desert, northern Chile. J. Therm. Biol. 25, 425\u2013430 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(03)00049-4","volume":"28","author":"A Cortes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cortes, A., Tirado, C. & Rosenmann, M. Energy metabolism and thermoregulation in Chinchilla brevicaudata. J. Therm. Biol. 28, 489\u2013495 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR56","first-page":"R1369","volume":"265","author":"O Shido","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shido, O., Romanovsky, A., Ungar, A. & Blatteis, C. Role of intrapreoptic norepinephrine in endotoxin-induced fever in guinea-pigs. Am. J. Physiol. 265, R1369\u2013R1375 (1993).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"81404_CR57","first-page":"57","volume":"45","author":"PH Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen, P. H. & White, C. E. Comparison of rectal, microchip transponder, and infrared thermometry techniques for obtaining body temperature in the laboratory rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 45, 57\u201363 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"81404_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677214522035","volume":"48","author":"P Chapon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chapon, P., Bulla, J., Gauthier, A. & Moussay, S. On the importance of telemetric temperature sensor location during intraperitoneal implantation in rats. Lab. Anim. 48, 114\u2013123 (2014).","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"81404_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.07.011","volume":"84","author":"AL Vandewint","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vandewint, A. L., Zhu-Pawlowsky, A. J., Kirby, A., Tattersall, G. J. & Pamenter, M. E. Evaporative cooling and vasodilation mediate thermoregulation in naked mole-rats during normoxia but not hypoxia. J. Therm. Biol. 84, 228\u2013235 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181281","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181281","volume":"5","author":"MJM Harrap","year":"2018","unstructured":"Harrap, M. J. M., de Hempel Ibarra, N., Whitney, H. M. & Rands, S. A. Reporting of thermography parameters in biology: a systematic review of thermal imaging literature. R. Soc. Open Sci. 5, 181281 (2018).","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"81404_CR61","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2016)."},{"key":"81404_CR62","first-page":"20","volume":"8","author":"VMR Muggeo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muggeo, V. M. R. Segmented: an R package to fit regression models with broken-line relationships. R News 8, 20\u201325 (2008).","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"81404_CR63","unstructured":"Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R Core Team. nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3.1\u2013128. CRAN http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=nlme (2016)."},{"key":"81404_CR64","unstructured":"Lenth, R. Emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.3.4. CRAN https:\/\/CRAN.Rproject.org\/package=emmeans (2019)."},{"key":"81404_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i02","volume":"33","author":"JD Hadfield","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hadfield, J. D. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMCglmm R package. J. Stat. Softw. 33, 1\u201322 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"81404_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000494","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000494","volume":"17","author":"NS Upham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Upham, N. S., Esselstyn, J. A. & Jetz, W. Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation. PLoS Biol. 17, e3000494 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq706","volume":"27","author":"KP Schliep","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schliep, K. P. phangorn: phylogenetic analysis in R. Bioinformatics 27, 592\u2013593 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"81404_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00169.x","volume":"3","author":"LJ Revell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Revell, L. J. phytools: an R package for phylogenetic comparative biology (and other things). Methods Ecol. Evol. 3, 217\u2013223 (2012).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"81404_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-070","volume":"76","author":"DA de Lamo","year":"1998","unstructured":"de Lamo, D. A., Sanborn, A. F., Carrasco, C. D. & Scott, D. J. Daily activity and behavioral thermoregulation of the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in winter. Can. J. Zool. 76, 1388\u20131393 (1998).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.2741\/3797","volume":"16","author":"J Terrien","year":"2011","unstructured":"Terrien, J., Perret, M. & Aujard, F. Behavioral thermoregulation in mammals: a review. Front. Biosci. 16, 1428\u20131444 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"81404_CR71","volume-title":"Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds","author":"CP Lyman","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lyman, C. P. Hibernation and Torpor in Mammals and Birds (Academic Press, Cambridge, 1982)."},{"key":"81404_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565595","volume-title":"Temperature Regulation in Laboratory Rodents","author":"CJ Gordon","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gordon, C. J. Temperature Regulation in Laboratory Rodents (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993)."},{"key":"81404_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1086\/278368","volume":"37","author":"HW Shimer","year":"1903","unstructured":"Shimer, H. W. Adaptations to aquatic, arboreal, fossorial and cursorial habits in mammals III. Fossorial adaptations. Am. Nat. 37, 819\u2013825 (1903).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"81404_CR74","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Life Underground: The Biology of Subterranean Rodents","author":"BR Stein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stein, B. R. Morphology of subterranean rodents. In Life Underground: The Biology of Subterranean Rodents (eds Lacey, E. A. et al.) 19\u201361 (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2000)."},{"key":"81404_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1994.1013","volume":"47","author":"JR Thomas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thomas, J. R., Shurtleff, D., Schrot, J. & Ahlers, S. T. Cold-induced perturbation of cutaneous blood flow in the rat tail: a model of nonfreezing cold injury. Microvasc. Res. 47, 166\u2013176 (1994).","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"81404_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0818-2","volume":"89","author":"HAM Daanen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Daanen, H. A. M. Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 411\u2013426 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"81404_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(90)90055-W","volume":"96","author":"JJ Klir","year":"1990","unstructured":"Klir, J. J., Heath, J. E. & Bennani, N. An infrared thermographic study of surface temperature in relation to external thermal stress in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 96, 141\u2013146 (1990).","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"81404_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(75)90177-0","volume":"49","author":"BA Wunder","year":"1975","unstructured":"Wunder, B. A. A model for estimating metabolic rate of active or resting mammals. J. Theor. Biol. 49, 345\u2013354 (1975).","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"81404_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1644\/06-MAMM-A-235R1.1","volume":"88","author":"J \u0160kl\u00edba","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u0160kl\u00edba, J., \u0160umbera, R., Chitaukali, W. N. & Burda, H. Determinants of daily activity patterns in a free-living Afrotropical solitary subterranean rodent. J. Mammal. 88, 1009\u20131016 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Mammal."},{"key":"81404_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12741","volume":"118","author":"J \u0160kl\u00edba","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u0160kl\u00edba, J. et al. Activity of free-living subterranean blind mole rats Spalax galili (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in an area of supposed sympatric speciation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 118, 280\u2013291 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"81404_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12441","volume":"302","author":"T Vlasat\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vlasat\u00e1, T. et al. Daily activity patterns in the giant root rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), a fossorial rodent from the Afro-alpine zone of the Bale Mountains Ethiopia. J. Zool. 302, 157\u2013163 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"81404_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.2307\/1936869","volume":"60","author":"BK McNab","year":"1979","unstructured":"McNab, B. K. The influence of body size on the energetics and distribution of fossorial and burrowing mammals. Ecology 60, 1010\u20131021 (1979).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"81404_CR83","first-page":"724","volume":"30","author":"E Nevo","year":"1974","unstructured":"Nevo, E. & Shkolnik, A. Adaptive metabolic variation of chromosome forms in mole rats. Spalax. Exp. 30, 724\u2013726 (1974).","journal-title":"Spalax. Exp."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81404-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81404-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81404-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T16:00:43Z","timestamp":1724342443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81404-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["81404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-81404-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2029"}}