{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:53:55Z","timestamp":1790402035734,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19411972100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19411972100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosis of pediatric paragonimiasis is difficult because of its non-specific clinical manifestations. We retrospectively reviewed the records of pediatric paragonimiasis in Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University from January 2011 to May 2019. The confirmed diagnosis of paragonimiasis was based on positive anti-parasite serological tests from the local Center for Disease Control (CDC). A total of 11 patients (mean age: 7.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.1, male\u2013female ratio: 7:4) diagnosed as paragonimiasis were included. 81.8% were from endemic areas such as Sichuan and Yunnan, and 36% had a clear history of raw crab or crayfish consumption.\u00a0The characteristic clinical features of pediatric paragonimiasis were eosinophilia (100%), pleural effusion (81.8%), hepatomegaly (54.5%), ascites (54.5%), and subcutaneous nodules (45.5%). Misdiagnosed with other diseases including tuberculosis (18.2%), pneumonia (9.1%), intracranial space-occupying lesions (9.1%) and brain abcess (9.1%) led to rehospitalization and prolonged hospitalization. For treatment, a 3-day course of 150\u00a0mg\/kg praziquantel (PZQ) didn\u2019t show ideal treatment effectivity and 63.6% needed more than one course of PZQ, while triclabendazole in a total dose of 10\u00a0mg\/kg had a better efficacy to stubborn manifestations. This study indicated that pediatric paragonimiasis was often misdiagnosed, and the treatment with a 3-day course of 150\u00a0mg\/kg PZQ had a high rate of failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81694-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T11:03:39Z","timestamp":1611227019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A retrospective clinical analysis of pediatric paragonimiasis in a Chinese children\u2019s hospital from 2011 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Manning","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"81694_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.156248","volume":"32","author":"S Kalhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kalhan, S. et al. Paragonimus westermani infection in lung: A confounding diagnostic entity. Lung India 32, 265\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-2113.156248 (2015).","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"81694_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182018001439","volume":"145","author":"N Cumberlidge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cumberlidge, N. et al. Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in West and Central Africa: Unresolved questions. Parasitology 145, 1748\u20131757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182018001439 (2018).","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"81694_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Estimates of the global Burden of Foodborne Diseases. Geneva (2015)."},{"key":"81694_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70294-8","volume":"12","author":"T Furst","year":"2012","unstructured":"Furst, T., Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 12, 210\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70294-8 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"81694_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.03.014","volume":"24","author":"Q Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Wei, F., Liu, W., Yang, S. & Zhang, X. Paragonimiasis: An important food-borne zoonosis in China. Trends Parasitol. 24, 318\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2008.03.014 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"81694_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2012.06.007","volume":"61","author":"X Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Distribution and clinical features of Paragonimiasis skrjabini in Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Parasitol. Int. 61, 645\u2013649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parint.2012.06.007 (2012).","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"81694_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105074","volume":"199","author":"A Yoshida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshida, A., Doanh, P. N. & Maruyama, H. Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Asia: An update. Acta Trop. 199, 105074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105074 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"81694_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02424-07","volume":"46","author":"N Zarrinkhameh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zarrinkhameh, N., Citron, D. R., Stager, C. E. & Laucirica, R. Pulmonary paragonimiasis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 2137\u20132140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02424-07 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"81694_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.1733","volume":"54","author":"E Nagayasu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagayasu, E., Yoshida, A., Hombu, A., Horii, Y. & Maruyama, H. Paragonimiasis in Japan: A twelve-year retrospective case review (2001\u20132012). Internal Med. 54, 179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.1733 (2015).","journal-title":"Internal Med."},{"key":"81694_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(02)00008-4","volume":"23","author":"ET Tshibwabwa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tshibwabwa, E. T., Richenberg, J. L. & Aziz, Z. Lung radiology in the tropics. Clin. Chest Med. 23, 309\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-5231(02)00008-4 (2002).","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"81694_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14208","volume":"15","author":"X Yong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yong, X., Yan, J., Jing, C. & Chao, Y. Cerebral paragonimiasis: A retrospective analysis of 27 cases. J. Neurosurg. 15, 101\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14208 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"81694_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.PEDS12475","volume":"11","author":"C Zhi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhi, C. et al. Angiographic findings in 2 children with cerebral paragonimiasis with hemorrhage. J. Neurosurg. 11, 564\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.1.PEDS12475 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"81694_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7265","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007265","volume":"96","author":"Z Gong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gong, Z. et al. Paragonimiasis in children in southwest China: A retrospective case reports review from 2005 to 2016. Medicine 96, e7265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000007265 (2017).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"81694_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.4.409","volume":"49","author":"A Cho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cho, A., Lee, H., Lee, K., Lee, S. & Lee, S. A case of pulmonary paragonimiasis with involvement of the abdominal muscle in a 9-year-old girl. Korean J. Parasitol. 49, 409\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/kjp.2011.49.4.409 (2011).","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"81694_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.01.001","volume":"24","author":"P Zhou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Chen, N., Zhang, R., Lin, R. & Zhu, X. Food-borne parasitic zoonoses in China: Perspective for control. Trends Parasitol. 24, 190\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2008.01.001 (2008).","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"81694_CR16","first-page":"505","volume":"22","author":"HZ Xu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xu, H. Z., Tang, L. F., Zheng, X. P. & Chen, Z. M. Paragonimiasis in Chinese children: 58 cases analysis. Iran J. Pediatr. 22, 505\u2013511 (2012).","journal-title":"Iran J. Pediatr."},{"key":"81694_CR17","first-page":"593","volume":"39","author":"T Yoonuan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yoonuan, T. et al. Paragonimiasis prevalences in Saraburi province, Thailand, measured 20 years apart. SE Asian J. Trop. Med. 39, 593\u2013600 (2008).","journal-title":"SE Asian J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"81694_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/569485","volume":"1\u20135","author":"EC Uttah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uttah, E. C. Paragonimiasis and renewed crab-eating behavior in six communities from two ethnocultural clusters in southeastern Nigeria. Int. Scholar. Res. Not. 1\u20135, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5402\/2013\/569485 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. Scholar. Res. Not."},{"key":"81694_CR19","first-page":"483","volume":"94","author":"HL Zhong","year":"1981","unstructured":"Zhong, H. L., He, L. Y., Xu, Z. B. & Cao, W. J. Recent progress in studies of paragonimus and paragonimiasis control in China. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 94, 483\u2013494 (1981).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"81694_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3341","volume":"13","author":"HF Rosenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rosenberg, H. F., Dyer, K. D. & Foster, P. S. Eosinophils: Changing perspectives in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3341 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"81694_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6296","volume":"40","author":"Y Qin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qin, Y. et al. Intraspinal paragonimiasis in children: MRI findings and suggestions for pathogenesis. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 40, 2166\u20132171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6296 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"81694_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.110539","volume":"53","author":"C Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu, C., Hu, Y. & Chen, W. Characteristic MR and CT imaging findings of hepatobiliary paragonimiasis and their pathologic correlations. Acta Radiol. 53, 481\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/ar.2012.110539 (2012).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"81694_CR23","unstructured":"Diseases, A. C. O. I. Red Book, 29th Edition (2012). (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2012)."},{"key":"81694_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.43.388","volume":"43","author":"A Obara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Obara, A., Nakamurauchiyama, F., Hiromatsu, K. & Nawa, Y. Paragonimiasis cases recently found among immigrants in Japan. Internal Med. 43, 388\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.43.388 (2004).","journal-title":"Internal Med."},{"key":"81694_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5093","volume":"50","author":"I Oh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oh, I. et al. Can pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis be cured by only the 1st set of chemotherapy? Treatment outcome and clinical features of recently developed pleuropulmonary paragonimiasis. Internal Med. 50, 1365\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5093 (2011).","journal-title":"Internal Med."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90897-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623110400000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81694-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81694-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81694-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T02:18:07Z","timestamp":1670033887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-81694-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["81694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-81694-7","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90897-x","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2021","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90897-x","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-90897-x","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2005"}}