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We aimed to identify markers predicting myocardial inflammation in HF. We screened 517 patients with symptomatic non-ischemic HF who underwent EMB; 397 patients (median age 54 [IQR 43\/64], 28.7% females) were included in this study. 230 patients were diagnosed with myocardial inflammation, defined as\u2009\u2265\u20097.0 CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocytes\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and\/or\u2009\u2265\u200935.0 Mac1 macrophages\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and were compared to 167 inflammation negative patients. Patients with myocardial inflammation were more often smokers (52.4% vs. 39.8%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013) and had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (5.4\u00a0mg\/dl vs. 3.7\u00a0mg\/dl, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). In logistic regression models CRP\u2009\u2265\u20098.15\u00a0mg\/dl (OR 1.985 [95%CI 1.160\u20133.397]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012) and Troponin I (TnI)\u2009\u2265\u2009136.5\u00a0pg\/ml (OR 3.011 [1.215\u20137.464]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.017) were independently associated with myocardial inflammation, whereas no association was found for elevated brain natriuretic peptide (OR 1.811 [0.873\u20133.757]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.111). In prognostic performance calculation the highest positive predictive value (90%) was detected for the combination of Global longitudinal strain (GLS)\u2009\u2265\u2009-13.95% and TnI\u2009\u2265\u2009136.5\u00a0pg\/ml (0.90 (0.74\u20130.96)). Elevated CRP, TnI and GLS in combination with TnI can be useful to detect myocardial inflammation. Smoking seems to predispose for myocardial inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82592-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T11:08:10Z","timestamp":1612436890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Increased C reactive protein, cardiac troponin I and GLS are associated with myocardial inflammation in patients with non-ischemic heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Schwuchow-Thonke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"G\u00f6bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Emrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. 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