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Current antibiotic recommendations were mostly based on reports of patients with acute cholangitis whose bile specimens were sampled from the biliary tract. However, as most infections of acute cholecystitis are limited to the gallbladder, direct sampling from the site increases the probability of identifying the causative pathogen. We investigated 321 positive bile cultures from 931 patients with acute cholecystitis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 2003 and December 2017. The frequency of enterococci declined (P\u2009=\u20090.041), whereas that of Enterobacteriales (P\u2009=\u20090.005), particularly <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> (P\u2009=\u20090.008), increased over time. The incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriales showed a significant increasing trend (P\u2009=\u20090.031). Vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>E.faecium<\/jats:italic>, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriales were recently observed. In grade I and II acute cholecystitis, there were no significant differences in perioperative outcomes in patients with and without early appropriate antimicrobial therapy. In conclusion, the changing incidence of frequently isolated microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance over time would be considered before selecting antibiotics for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Surgery might be a crucial component of infection control in grade I and II acute cholecystitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82603-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T11:10:36Z","timestamp":1612350636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antibiotic selection based on microbiology and resistance profiles of bile from gallbladder of patients with acute cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Suk-Won","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoo Shin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyuk","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyoung-Chul","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"82603_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7365.639","volume":"325","author":"AA Indar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Indar, A. 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