{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:30:42Z","timestamp":1772602242689,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008412","name":"Louis and Harold Price Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"J Yang and Family Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018825","name":"H and H Evergreen Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006063","name":"Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Motor deficits are observed in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) prior to the appearance of cognitive symptoms. To investigate the role of amyloid proteins in gait disturbances, we characterized locomotion in APP-overexpressing transgenic J20 mice. We used three-dimensional motion capture to characterize quadrupedal locomotion on a treadmill in J20 and wild-type mice. Sixteen J20 mice and fifteen wild-type mice were studied at two ages (4- and 13-month). A random forest (RF) classification algorithm discriminated between the genotypes within each age group using a leave-one-out cross-validation. The balanced accuracy of the RF classification was 92.3\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2% and 93.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.5% as well as False Negative Rate (FNR) of 0.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0% and 0.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.0% for the 4-month and 13-month groups, respectively. Feature ranking algorithms identified kinematic features that\u00a0when considered simultaneously, achieved high genotype classification accuracy. The identified features demonstrated an age-specific kinematic profile of the impact of APP-overexpression. Trunk tilt and unstable hip movement patterns were important in classifying the 4-month J20 mice, whereas patterns of shoulder and iliac crest movement were critical for classifying 13-month J20 mice. Examining multiple kinematic features of gait simultaneously could also be developed to classify motor disorders in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82694-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T16:46:37Z","timestamp":1613753197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Machine learning classifies predictive kinematic features in a mouse model of neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ruyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Nikooyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Selvan","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza Ghasemi","family":"Damavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"von Trotha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deeba","family":"Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeji","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick A.","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward H.","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Leiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"82694_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3474","author":"NK Nadkarni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadkarni, N. K. et al. Association of brain amyloid-\u03b2 with slow gait in elderly individuals without dementia. JAMA Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3474 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"82694_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01758.x","author":"J Verghese","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verghese, J. et al. Gait dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment syndromes. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01758.x (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"82694_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu155","author":"M Montero-Odasso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montero-Odasso, M. et al. The motor signature of mild cognitive impairment: results from the gait and brain study. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glu155 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"82694_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.159","author":"T Buracchio","year":"2010","unstructured":"Buracchio, T., Dodge, H. H., Howieson, D., Wasserman, D. & Kaye, J. The trajectory of gait speed preceding mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archneurol.2010.159 (2010).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"82694_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15219","volume":"66","author":"M Montero-Odasso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montero-Odasso, M. & Speechley, M. Falls in cognitively impaired older adults: implications for risk assessment and prevention. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 66, 367\u2013375 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"82694_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00070","volume":"7","author":"T Hoellinger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hoellinger, T. et al. Biological oscillations for learning walking coordination: dynamic recurrent neural network functionally models physiological central pattern generator. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 7, 70 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13721-012-0020-8","volume":"2","author":"W Tang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tang, W. & Su, D. Locomotion analysis and its applications in neurological disorders detection: state-of-art review. Netw. Model. Anal. Health Inform. Bioinform. 2, 1\u201312 (2013).","journal-title":"Netw. Model. Anal. Health Inform. Bioinform."},{"key":"82694_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.9","volume":"17","author":"O Kiehn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiehn, O. Decoding the organization of spinal circuits that control locomotion. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 224\u2013238 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318281cc43","volume":"80","author":"A Zwergal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zwergal, A. et al. Functional disturbance of the locomotor network in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 80, 634\u2013641 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"82694_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199303000-00027","volume":"75","author":"SR Simon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simon, S. R. Gait analysis, normal and pathological function. J. Bone Jt. Surg. 75, 476\u2013477 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"82694_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/901721","author":"MKY Mak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mak, M. K. Y., Pang, M. Y. C. & Mok, V. Gait difficulty, postural instability, and muscle weakness are associated with fear of falling in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsons. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/901721 (2012).","journal-title":"Parkinsons. Dis."},{"key":"82694_CR12","first-page":"196","volume":"75","author":"S Della Sala","year":"2004","unstructured":"Della Sala, S., Spinnler, H., Venneri, A. & Della Sala, S. Walking difficulties in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease might originate from gait apraxia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75, 196\u2013201 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82694_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00957-4","volume":"260","author":"MF Ghilardi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ghilardi, M. F. et al. Impaired movement control in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 260, 45\u201348 (1999).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"82694_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.12.1763","volume":"63","author":"NT Aggarwal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aggarwal, N. T. et al. Motor dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch. Neurol. 63, 1763\u20131769 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"82694_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/12.4.296","volume":"12","author":"H Visser","year":"1983","unstructured":"Visser, H. Gait and balance in senile dementia of Alzheimer\u2019s type. Age Ageing 12, 296\u2013301 (1983).","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"82694_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0000000000000020","volume":"38","author":"L Gras","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gras, L. et al. Balance and gait of adults with very mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther. 38, 1\u20137 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"82694_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707178","volume":"150","author":"M Cachard-Chastel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cachard-Chastel, M. et al. 5-HT 4 receptor agonists increase sAPP\u03b1 levels in the cortex and hippocampus of male C57BL\/6j mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 150, 883\u2013892 (2007).","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"82694_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.026","volume":"61","author":"F Shen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shen, F. et al. 5-HT 4 receptor agonist mediated enhancement of cognitive function in vivo and amyloid precursor protein processing in vitro: a pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment. Neuropharmacology 61, 69\u201379 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"82694_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90000-3","volume":"77","author":"P Krawetz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Krawetz, P. & Nance, P. Gait analysis of spinal cord injured subjects: effects of injury level and spasticity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 77, 635\u2013638 (1996).","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"82694_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.3.310","volume":"73","author":"H Stolze","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stolze, H. et al. Typical features of cerebellar ataxic gait. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 73, 310\u2013312 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82694_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.011","volume":"81","author":"DB Re","year":"2015","unstructured":"Re, D. B. et al. Necroptosis drives motor neuron death in models of both sporadic and familial ALS. Neuron 81, 1001\u20131008 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"82694_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60487-6","volume":"39","author":"S Moore","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moore, S., Schurr, K., Wales, A., Moseley, A. & Herbert, R. Observation and analysis of hemiplegic gait: swing phase. Aust. J. Physiother. 39, 271\u2013278 (1993).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"82694_CR23","unstructured":"Health, S. & Health, I. Footprints to Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer\u2019s Are Seen in Gait. 2\u20134"},{"key":"82694_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.3.1329","volume":"79","author":"RD de Leon","year":"1998","unstructured":"de Leon, R. D., Hodgson, J. A., Roy, R. R. & Edgerton, V. R. Locomotor capacity attributable to step training versus spontaneous recovery after spinalization in adult cats. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 1329\u20131340 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"82694_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120344","volume":"93","author":"F Ferrarello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrarello, F. et al. Tools for observational gait analysis in patients with stroke: a systematic review. Phys. Ther. 93, 1673\u20131685 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"82694_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20118","author":"M Capogrosso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Capogrosso, M. et al. A brain\u2013spine interface alleviating gait deficits after spinal cord injury in primates. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature20118 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82694_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2015.06.006","author":"A Nakamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nakamura, A. et al. Low-cost three-dimensional gait analysis system for mice with an infrared depth sensor. Neurosci. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neures.2015.06.006 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"82694_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211466","author":"\u0141 Kidzi\u0144skiid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kidzi\u0144skiid, \u0141, Delp, S. & Schwartz, M. Automatic real-time gait event detection in children using deep neural networks. PLoS ONE https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0211466 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"82694_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260677","volume":"1","author":"M Ferrarin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ferrarin, M. et al. Locomotor disorders in patients at early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease: a quantitative analysis. Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 1, 1224\u20131227 (2006).","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"82694_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255ra133","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008325","volume":"6","author":"N Wenger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wenger, N. et al. Closed-loop neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits controls refined locomotion after complete spinal cord injury. Sci. Transl. Med. 6, 255ra133 (2014).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"82694_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.02.012","volume":"64","author":"R Morris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morris, R., Lord, S., Bunce, J., Burn, D. & Rochester, L. Gait and cognition: mapping the global and discrete relationships in ageing and neurodegenerative disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 64, 326\u2013345 (2016).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"82694_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0093-5","author":"L Asboth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asboth, L., Friedli, L. & Beauparlant, J. Cortico\u2013reticulo\u2013spinal circuit reorganization enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord contusion. Nat. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0093-5 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.07.023","volume":"333","author":"LP Osuna-Carrasco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Osuna-Carrasco, L. P. et al. Quantitative analysis of hindlimbs locomotion kinematics in spinalized rats treated with Tamoxifen plus treadmill exercise. Neuroscience 333, 151\u2013161 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"82694_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101524","volume":"41","author":"JH Patrick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patrick, J. H. Case for gait analysis as part of the management of incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 41, 479\u2013482 (2003).","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"82694_CR35","unstructured":"Wenger, N. et al. Closed-loop neuromodulation of spinal sensorimotor circuits controls refined locomotion after complete spinal cord injury."},{"key":"82694_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.7.1349","volume":"122","author":"G Ebersbach","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ebersbach, G. et al. Comparative analysis of gait in Parkinson\u2019s disease, cerebellar ataxia and subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy. Brain 122, 1349\u20131355 (1999).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"82694_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.40.6.568-577","author":"TS Guillot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guillot, T. S., Asress, S. A., Richardson, J. R., Glass, J. D. & Miller, G. W. Treadmill gait analysis does not detect motor deficits in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Mot. Behav. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JMBR.40.6.568-577 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"82694_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201728","author":"AP Rocha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rocha, A. P. et al. System for automatic gait analysis based on a single RGB-D camera. PLoS ONE https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0201728 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"82694_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubois, A. & Charpillet, F. A gait analysis method based on a depth camera for fall prevention. Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. (EMBC), 2014 36th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE 2014, 4515\u20134518 (2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6944627"},{"key":"82694_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballesteros, J., Urdiales, C., Martinez, A. B. & Tirado, M. Gait analysis for challenged users based on a rollator equipped with force sensors. IEEE Int. Conf. Intell. Robot. Syst. 2015, 5587\u20135592 (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2015.7354169"},{"key":"82694_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2401","volume":"12","author":"G Courtine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Courtine, G. et al. Transformation of nonfunctional spinal circuits into functional states after the loss of brain input. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 1333\u20131342 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.09.065","volume":"21","author":"C Sahyoun","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sahyoun, C., Floyer-Lea, A., Johansen-Berg, H. & Matthews, P. M. Towards an understanding of gait control: brain activation during the anticipation, preparation and execution of foot movements. Neuroimage 21, 568\u2013575 (2004).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"82694_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70168-X","volume":"4","author":"MS Chong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chong, M. S. & Sahadevan, S. Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: diagnosis and prediction of progression. Lancet Neurol. 4, 576\u2013579 (2005).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"82694_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.106914","volume":"78","author":"J Verghese","year":"2007","unstructured":"Verghese, J., Wang, C., Lipton, R. B., Holtzer, R. & Xue, X. Quantitative gait dysfunction and risk of cognitive decline and dementia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78, 929\u2013935 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"82694_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.10.017","volume":"32","author":"V Cimolin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cimolin, V., Galli, M., Vimercati, S. L. & Albertini, G. Use of the Gait Deviation Index for the assessment of gastrocnemius fascia lengthening in children with Cerebral Palsy. Res. Dev. Disabil. 32, 377\u2013381 (2011).","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"82694_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarkodie-Gyan, T. & Jensen, K. Diagnostic-based design for human locomotion system. in 2007 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering 1\u201313 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SYSOSE.2007.4304279","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSOSE.2007.4304279"},{"key":"82694_CR47","unstructured":"Sport, M. Concept for clinical motion analysis applied biomechanics MEDICINE."},{"key":"82694_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.08.014","volume":"35","author":"SW Muir","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muir, S. W. et al. Gait assessment in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the effect of dual-task challenges across the cognitive spectrum. Gait Posture 35, 96\u2013100 (2012).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"82694_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-121207","volume":"33","author":"J Olazar\u00e1n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olazar\u00e1n, J. et al. Clinical and anatomical correlates of gait dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 33, 495\u2013505 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"82694_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.12.026","volume":"39","author":"Y Cedervall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cedervall, Y., Halvorsen, K. & \u00c5berg, A. C. A longitudinal study of gait function and characteristics of gait disturbance in individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Gait Posture 39, 1022\u20131027 (2014).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"82694_CR51","first-page":"1350","volume":"63","author":"CC Persad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Persad, C. C., Jones, J. L., Ashton-miller, J. A., Alexander, N. B. & Giordani, B. Adults with cognitive impairment. America (NY) 63, 1350\u20131355 (2008).","journal-title":"America (NY)"},{"key":"82694_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.05.005","volume":"93","author":"JA Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen, J. A., Verghese, J. & Zwerling, J. L. Cognition and gait in older people. Maturitas 93, 73\u201377 (2016).","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"82694_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.01.024","volume":"53","author":"V Valkanova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Valkanova, V. & Ebmeier, K. P. What can gait tell us about dementia? Review of epidemiological and neuropsychological evidence. Gait Posture 53, 215\u2013223 (2017).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"82694_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.514","volume":"11","author":"MW Albers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Albers, M. W. et al. At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 11, 70\u201398 (2015).","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"82694_CR55","first-page":"28","volume":"52","author":"A Kluger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kluger, A. et al. Patterns of motor impairment in normal aging, mild cognitive decline, and early Alzheimer\u2019 disease. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 52, 28\u201339 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"82694_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70678-0","volume":"6","author":"AH Snijders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Snijders, A. H., van de Warrenburg, B. P., Giladi, N. & Bloem, B. R. Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classification. Lancet Neurol. 6, 63\u201374 (2007).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"82694_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170541","author":"R McArdle","year":"2017","unstructured":"McArdle, R. et al. What can quantitative gait analysis tell us about dementia and its subtypes? A structured review. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-170541 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"82694_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu155","volume":"69","author":"M Montero-Odasso","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montero-Odasso, M. et al. The motor signature of mild cognitive impairment: results from the gait and brain study. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 69, 1415\u20131421 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"82694_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59586","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059586","volume":"8","author":"AL Wright","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wright, A. L. et al. Neuroinflammation and neuronal loss precede A\u03b2 plaque deposition in the hAPP-J20 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE 8, e59586 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"82694_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5341-09.2010","volume":"30","author":"JA Harris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harris, J. A. et al. Many neuronal and behavioral impairments in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease are independent of caspase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. J. Neurosci. 30, 372\u2013381 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23818","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701078200","volume":"282","author":"IH Cheng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cheng, I. H. et al. Accelerating amyloid-fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse models. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 23818\u201323828 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"82694_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8373","volume":"352","author":"S Hong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong, S. et al. Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models. Science (80\u2013) 352, 712\u2013716 (2016).","journal-title":"Science (80\u2013)"},{"key":"82694_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23818","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701078200","volume":"282","author":"IH Cheng","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cheng, I. H. et al. Accelerating amyloid-beta fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer disease mouse models. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 23818\u201323828 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"82694_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1797","volume":"9","author":"X Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu, X. et al. Bace1 modulates myelination in the central and peripheral nervous system. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1520\u20131525 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.008","volume":"49","author":"SD Mesquita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mesquita, S. D. et al. The choroid plexus transcriptome reveals changes in type I and II interferon responses in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain. Behav. Immun. 49, 280\u2013292 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"82694_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-04050.2000","volume":"20","author":"L Mucke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mucke, L. et al. High-level neuronal expression of abeta 1\u201342 in wild-type human amyloid protein precursor transgenic mice: synaptotoxicity without plaque formation. J. Neurosci. 20, 4050 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1682","volume":"14","author":"G Courtine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Courtine, G. et al. Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal cord injury. Nat. Med. 14, 69\u201374 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"82694_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0015b.x","volume":"533","author":"VR Edgerton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Edgerton, V. R. et al. Retraining the injured spinal cord. J. Physiol. 533, 15\u201322 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"82694_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08106.x","volume":"36","author":"PK Shah","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shah, P. K. et al. Variability in step training enhances locomotor recovery after a spinal cord injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. 36, 2054\u20132062 (2012).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"82694_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144308","volume":"27","author":"VR Edgerton","year":"2004","unstructured":"Edgerton, V. R., Tillakaratne, N. J. K., Bigbee, A. J., De Leon, R. D. & Roy, R. R. Plasticity of the spinal neural circuitry after injury. Annu. Rev. Neurosci 27, 145\u2013167 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci"},{"key":"82694_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0382-y","author":"K Pongpipatpaiboon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pongpipatpaiboon, K. et al. The impact of ankle-foot orthoses on toe clearance strategy in hemiparetic gait: a cross-sectional study. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-018-0382-y (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"82694_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.03.013","author":"VA Stanhope","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stanhope, V. A., Knarr, B. A., Reisman, D. S. & Higginson, J. S. Frontal plane compensatory strategies associated with self-selected walking speed in individuals post-stroke. Clin. Biomech. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.03.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"82694_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/57063","author":"M Ohtsuka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohtsuka, M. et al. Clinical-oriented three-dimensional gait analysis method for evaluating gait disorder. J. Vis. Exp. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/57063 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"82694_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.06.008","author":"G Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen, G., Patten, C., Kothari, D. H. & Zajac, F. E. Gait deviations associated with post-stroke hemiparesis: improvement during treadmill walking using weight support, speed, support stiffness, and handrail hold. Gait Posture https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2004.06.008 (2005).","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"82694_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171116","volume":"63","author":"R Mc Ardle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mc Ardle, R. et al. Gait in mild Alzheimer\u2019s disease: feasibility of multi-center measurement in the clinic and home with body-worn sensors: a pilot study. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. 63, 331\u2013341 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"82694_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1156361","volume":"23","author":"H Tanikawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanikawa, H. et al. Quantitative assessment of retropulsion of the hip, excessive hip external rotation, and excessive lateral shift of the trunk over the unaffected side in hemiplegia using threedimensional treadmill gait analysis. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 23, 311\u2013317 (2016).","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"82694_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150150502613","volume":"18","author":"FPT Hamers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hamers, F. P. T., Lankhorst, A. J., van Laar, T. J., Veldhuis, W. B. & Gispen, W. H. Automated quantitative gait analysis during overground locomotion in the rat: its application to spinal cord contusion and transection injuries. J. Neurotrauma 18, 187\u2013201 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"82694_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600025616","volume":"12","author":"SA Corr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Corr, S. A., Gentle, M. J., McCorquodale, C. C. & Bennett, D. The effect of morphology on walking ability in the modern broiler: a gait analysis study. Anim. Welfare 12, 159\u2013171 (2003).","journal-title":"Anim. Welfare"},{"key":"82694_CR79","first-page":"560","volume":"52","author":"R Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baker, R., Esquenazi, A., Benedetti, M. G. & Desloovere, K. Gait analysis: clinical facts. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 52, 560\u2013572 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"82694_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2016.1156361","volume":"23","author":"H Tanikawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tanikawa, H. et al. Quantitative assessment of retropulsion of the hip, excessive hip external rotation, and excessive lateral shift of the trunk over the unaffected side in hemiplegia using three-dimensional treadmill gait analysis. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 23, 311\u2013317 (2016).","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"82694_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00343-6","volume":"66","author":"KA Clarke","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clarke, K. A., Still, J. & And, J. Gait analysis in the mouse. Physiol. Behav. 66, 723\u2013729 (1999).","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"82694_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.02.001","volume":"206","author":"S Hetze","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hetze, S., R\u00f6mer, C., Teufelhart, C., Meisel, A. & Engel, O. Gait analysis as a method for assessing neurological outcome in a mouse model of stroke. J. Neurosci. Methods 206, 7\u201314 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"82694_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.11.007","volume":"24","author":"S Nadeau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nadeau, S. & Betschart, M. Gait analysis for poststroke rehabilitation: the relevance of biomechanical analysis and the impact of gait speed. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 24, 265\u2013276 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"82694_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295996","volume":"12","author":"Q Mcnemar","year":"1947","unstructured":"Mcnemar, Q. Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages. Psychometrika 12, 153\u2013157 (1947).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"82694_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2187280","volume":"42","author":"S Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, S. & Yao, X. Multiclass imbalance problems: analysis and potential solutions. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B Cybern. 42, 1119\u20131130 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B Cybern."},{"key":"82694_CR86","first-page":"281","volume":"13","author":"J Bergstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergstra, J., Ca, J. B. & Ca, Y. B. Random search for hyper-parameter optimization. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 13, 281\u2013305 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"82694_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990080516","volume":"8","author":"L Breiman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A. & Stone, C. J. Classification and regression trees. Cytometry 8, 534\u2013535 (1987).","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"82694_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10060911","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman, L. Random Forest. Mach. Learn. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs10060911 (2001).","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"82694_CR89","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R-CoreTeam","year":"2018","unstructured":"R-CoreTeam. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, 2018)."},{"key":"82694_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53552.x","volume":"53","author":"LM Allan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Allan, L. M., Ballard, C. G., Burn, D. J. & Kenny, R. A. Prevalence and severity of gait disorders in Alzheimer\u2019s and non-Alzheimer\u2019s dementias. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 1681\u20131687 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"82694_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62578-8","volume":"10","author":"C Mitrea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mitrea, C. et al. Detecting qualitative changes in biological systems. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201321 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82694-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82694-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82694-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T14:21:02Z","timestamp":1697898062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82694-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["82694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82694-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3950"}}